Abstract

More than 5 million Americans have congestive heart failure, and 550,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. This condition results in almost 1 million hospital discharges and more than 50,000 deaths a year at a cost of $28.8 billion (). Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading cause of heart failure. Since the early trials of surgical vs medical management of coronary artery disease in the late 1970s, there have been substantial changes in the surgical techniques and the medical management of chronic CAD, acute coronary syndromes, and heart failure.

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