Surgical Planning in Patients with Cloacal Anomalies and Obstructed Gynecological Systems: The Scrambled Renal-Genital System Association and Radiological Clues

Abstract

Background: Persistent cloacal anomalies involve the opening up of the intestinal, urinary, and reproductive system into a common channel. Cloacal extrosphy results from the complete breakdown of the cloacal membrane with exstrophy of the cloaca. In females, concurrent uterine fusion defects are present in 77 and 97% of persistent anomalies and exstrophies, respectively. For women with persistent cloaca, half of those with functioning uteri at puberty present with either hematometra or hematocolpos.