Surgical Closure of Atrial Septal Defects in Young Children—A Review of Anesthesia Care in Sternotomy and Thoracotomy Approaches

Abstract

To review and compare the anesthetic management of atrial septal defect (ASD) closures via mini lateral thoracotomy and sternotomy approaches. Retrospective analysis. Single- center pediatric quaternary care hospital. Patients aged <8 years of age undergoing ASD closure. None. Outcome measures included anesthetic technique, total amount and type of analgesics, pain scores, procedure duration, complications, blood transfusion requirements, and duration of stay. Each group had 15 patients. All patients in the sternotomy group received 0.25% bupivacaine subcutaneous infiltration. Eleven of the 15 thoracotomy patients received a fascial plane block, including serratus anterior and erector spinae blocks, and 3 received subcutaneous infiltration. There was no difference in opioid consumption intraoperatively or in the first 24 hours after surgery (0.28 ± 0.24 mg/kg morphine equivalents in thoracotomy group and 0.21 ± 0.12 mg/kg in sternotomy group). Duration of procedure and cardiopulmonary bypass duration were longer in the thoracotomy group. There was no difference in cross-clamp duration between groups. There was no difference in intensive care unit or hospital stay. The authors reviewed perioperative pain management strategies used in surgical ASD closures. Different fascial plane blocks were used. This study has paved way to design a randomized control trial to compare various regional techniques for cardiac surgeries and identified opportunities for improved pain assessment scoring in children after cardiac surgery.