Surgery of the avian reproductive tract

Abstract

Reproductive tract disease is commonplace in avian medicine, especially among female birds. The unique anatomy and physiology of the avian reproductive tract results in a highly productive but poorly accessible organ system. This is commonly represented as a hen producing numerous eggs and subsequently becoming “egg bound” or developing egg yolk “peritonitis”. Although many reproductive tract diseases can be managed medically, there is a definite need for surgical intervention in some cases. Because of their internal location, various diseases, and normal physiologic processes that can dramatically alter appearances, a clear understanding of the anatomy of the avian male and female reproductive tracts is vital before surgical exploration. Because of the need for small size and, again, a bird's internal anatomy, surgical instrumentation and techniques have become specialized for avian reproductive tract surgery. Anatomy, surgery, and diseases of the male and female reproductive tracts will be covered. Although some discussion of the medical management of each disease is included, the focus will be towards surgical resolution.