Abstract
Specialty of surgery was quite popular in the Buddhist era, and it evolved up to an extent. Various known and unknown physicians (chikitsaks) performed different types of operations to cure different surgical diseases. Jivaka was a pioneer surgeon of that time who performed different operations including surgery of brain. As many as 11 types of diseases were known to be treated surgically with the help of a diverse assortment of 71–120 specifically designed instruments, grouped according to their nature and use. The concept of pre-operative evaluation, explanation, treatment, and post-operative care is also evident in Pali literature. It seems that family members were also allowed to watch surgeries during this era.
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