Abstract
Enzymatic production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) could contribute to resolving the problems of energy demand and environment pollutions.In the present work, Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) was activated by surfactant imprinting, and subsequently immobilized in magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs) with hydroxyapatite coated magnetic nanoparticles (HAP-coated MNPs). The maximum hyperactivation of BCL mCLEAs was observed in the pretreatment of BCL with 0.1 mM Triton X-100. The optimized Triton-activated BCL mCLEAs was used as a highly active and robust biocatalyst for biodiesel production from WCO, exhibiting significant increase in biodiesel yield and tolerance to methanol. The results indicated that surfactant imprinting integrating mCLEAs could fix BCL in their active (open) form, experiencing a boost in activity and allowing biodiesel production performed in solvent without further addition of water. A maximal biodiesel yield of 98% was achieved under optimized conditions with molar ratio of methanol-to-WCO 7:1 in one-time addition in hexane at 40 °C. Therefore, the present study displays a versatile method for lipase immobilization and shows great practical latency in renewable biodiesel production.
Highlights
Over the past decades, biodiesel has attracted great interest as a sustainable alternative for fossil fuels in virtue of the depletion of fossilized fuel resources and their environmental impacts [1]
The preparation procedure of immobilization supports and surfactant-activated Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs) were performed according to the scheme shown in Scheme 1
The prepared magnetic supports and immobilized BCL were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscope (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM)
Summary
Biodiesel has attracted great interest as a sustainable alternative for fossil fuels in virtue of the depletion of fossilized fuel resources and their environmental impacts [1]. The conventional chemical technologies for biodiesel production involve the use of acid or basic catalysts (i.e., NaOH, KOH, and H2 SO4 ), numerous disadvantages are inescapable, for example, high corrosive procedure, high energy consumption, high quantities of waste pollution, and costly in efficient product separation processes [3]. In order to prevent the hydrolysis reaction and saponification, high quality oils are required, with low contents of water and free fatty acids [4]. The global application of first-generation biodiesel produced by using edible oils, was restricted due to food scarcity and high cost of the edible oils [6]. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils (WCO) could be a promising and cost effective candidate in handling issues associated with energy crisis, environmental concerns, and total cost reduction of biodiesel production [7]. 15 million tons of WCO are Catalysts 2019, 9, 914; doi:10.3390/catal9110914 www.mdpi.com/journal/catalysts
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