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Abstract
Thermal oxidation, which serves as a low-cost, effective and relatively simple/facile method, was used to modify a micro-structured titanium surface in ambient atmosphere at 450 °C for different time periods to improve in vitro and in vivo bioactivity. The surface morphology, crystallinity of the surface layers, chemical composition and chemical states were evaluated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cell behaviours including cell adhesion, attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were observed in vitro study. The ability of the titanium surface to promote osseointegration was evaluated in an in vivo animal model. Surface thermal oxidation on titanium implants maintained the microstructure and, thus, both slightly changed the nanoscale structure of titanium and enhanced the crystallinity of the titanium surface layer. Cells cultured on the three oxidized titanium surfaces grew well and exhibited better osteogenic activity than did the control samples. The in vivo bone-implant contact also showed enhanced osseointegration after several hours of oxidization. This heat-treated titanium enhanced the osteogenic differentiation activity of rBMMSCs and improved osseointegration in vivo, suggesting that surface thermal oxidation could potentially be used in clinical applications to improve bone-implant integration.
Highlights
To be of great importance for successful osseointegration
Acid-etched commercial pure titanium (Cp-Ti) was used as a control for comparison, and samples of acid-etched Cp-Ti treated with thermal oxidation at 450 °C in an air ambient atmosphere for 2, 4 and 6 hours were used as test groups
Particle-like oxide appeared on the ridges and valleys of the pits and holes structure, and the carina size seemed to increase with prolonged thermal oxidation (Fig. 1c–h)
Summary
To be of great importance for successful osseointegration. The properties of this surface oxide layer can markedly influence the biocompatibility of titanium[12,13]. A thermal oxidation was performed at 450 °C in an air ambient atmosphere to form crystallization[26,27] This has been proven to be an effective annealing process for improving the crystallization and biological properties and indicates that a temperature of 450 °C might be a suitable parameter for thermal oxidation modification. Acid-etched commercial pure titanium (Cp-Ti) was used as a control (denoted as TO-0) for comparison, and samples of acid-etched Cp-Ti treated with thermal oxidation at 450 °C in an air ambient atmosphere for 2, 4 and 6 hours were used as test groups (denoted as TO-2, TO-4 and TO-6). Both in vitro and in vivo studies were performed for osteogenic ability evaluation of these four titanium implants
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