Abstract
The precipitation of supersaturated solutes at free surfaces in ternary Fe–3Au–4W and binary Fe–3Au and Fe–4W alloys (composition in weight percentage) for different ageing times was investigated at a temperature of 700 °C. The time evolution of the surface precipitation is compared among the three alloys to investigate the interplay between the Au and W solutes in the ternary system. The Au-rich grain-interior surface precipitates show a similar size and kinetics in the Fe–Au–W and Fe–Au alloys, while the W-rich grain-interior surface precipitates show a smaller size and a higher number density in the Fe–Au–W alloy compared to the Fe–W alloy. The kinetics of the precipitation on the external free surface for the ternary Fe–Au–W alloy is compared to the previously studied precipitation on the internal surfaces of the grain-boundary cavities during creep loading of the same alloy.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Metals in service degrade due to processes like creep, fatigue, wear, corrosion, and radiation damage
The precipitation of supersaturated solutes at free surfaces was studied in a ternary Fe-3Au-4W alloy and two binary Fe-3Au and Fe-4W counterpart alloys
The surface precipitation can be categorised into GI precipitates or GB precipitates
Summary
Metals in service degrade due to processes like creep, fatigue, wear, corrosion, and radiation damage. In a systematic study on ferritic steels (with a bcc lattice structure), a series of binary and ternary alloys [6, 7, 12,13,14,15,16,17], including Fe–Cu, Fe–Au, Fe–Mo, Fe–W and Fe–Au–W, were investigated to reveal the mechanism of self-healing during creep. The composition of these alloys was selected such that at the operating temperatures the solute is in a supersaturated state by approximately 1 at.%. The coalescence of neighbouring creep cavities can be prevented or delayed
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