Abstract
The induction of tissue mineralization and the mechanism by which surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) cement influences pulpal healing remain unclear. We evaluated S-PRG cement-induced tertiary dentin formation in vivo, and its effect on the pulp cell healing process in vitro. Induced tertiary dentin formation was evaluated with micro-computed tomography (μCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The distribution of elements from the S-PRG cement in pulpal tissue was confirmed by micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF). The effects of S-PRG cement on cytotoxicity, proliferation, formation of mineralized nodules, and gene expression in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were assessed in vitro. μCT and SEM revealed that S-PRG induced tertiary dentin formation with similar characteristics to that induced by hydraulic calcium-silicate cement (ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)). μXRF showed Sr and Si ion transfer into pulpal tissue from S-PRG cement. Notably, S-PRG cement and MTA showed similar biocompatibility. A co-culture of hDPSCs and S-PRG discs promoted mineralized nodule formation on surrounding cells. Additionally, S-PRG cement regulated the expression of genes related to osteo/dentinogenic differentiation. MTA and S-PRG regulated gene expression in hDPSCs, but the patterns of regulation differed. S-PRG cement upregulated CXCL-12 and TGF-β1 gene expression. These findings showed that S-PRG and MTA exhibit similar effects on dental pulp through different mechanisms.
Highlights
Conventional glass-ionomer cement (Co-GIC) is set through an acid-base reaction of fluoroaluminosilicate glass and poly-acrylic acid solution
Co-GIC is typically applied as an atraumatic restorative treatment (ART), as minimal interventions have been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO)
We have previously reported that surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) fillers induce tertiary dentin formation with matrix collagen in demineralized tissue samples when they were applied as a direct pulp capping cement in rat models [25]
Summary
Conventional glass-ionomer cement (Co-GIC) is set through an acid-base reaction of fluoroaluminosilicate glass and poly-acrylic acid solution. S-PRG filler has been demonstrated to protect against the demineralization of enamel and dentin [15,16]; it has a mineral inductive effect [14] and decreases plaque formation [17] This filler has already been adopted into various dental materials, including resin composites [18] and root canal sealers [19]. We have previously reported that S-PRG fillers induce tertiary dentin formation with matrix collagen in demineralized tissue samples when they were applied as a direct pulp capping cement in rat models [25]. To elucidate the mechanisms by which tertiary dentin formation is induced, the effects of S-PRG cement on pulpal repair function, proliferation, cytotoxicity, formation of mineralized nodules, and gene expression were analyzed using a cell counting test, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, alizarin red staining, SEM, μXRF, RNA sequencing, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively
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