Abstract
The phenomenon of total external reflection of X-rays at a sliding angle of incidence of a beam of incident X-rays is investigated. For metals, a quantitative law of direct dependence of the refractive index decrement on the interplane distance is obtained. The excitation of surface plasmons by X-rays that have experienced complete external reflection is detected. For surface plasmons, a dimensional effect was observed, expressed in an increase in the energy of plasmons and the concentration of conduction electrons with an increase in the depth of the output of surface plasmons. By the method of dispersion of surface plasmons, internal mechanical micro-stresses and spontaneous polarization of the surface layers of glassy dielectrics and in thin layers of vanadium dioxide were determined. The absence of micro-stresses in the lithium fluoride ionic single crystal was found out, and the polarization observed in it is due to the large dipole moment of the molecules of this crystal. In thin films of vanadium dioxide, the dependence of micro-stresses on the stresses in the substrates was found.
Highlights
Elementary excitations associated with the collective motion of weakly bound valence electrons relative to the crystal lattice of positive ions in solids are plasma longitudinal waves
The study of surface plasmon dispersion opens up new possibilities for the studying the surface of solids of various types: metals, semiconductors and dielectrics by the method of plasma oscillations excited by X-rays that have experienced total external reflection
The intensity of diffraction reflexes calculated on the basis of the classical theory of elastic scattering of X-rays on electrons of crystalline bodies is sufficiently consistent with the experiment, and the angular position of the reflexes, using the inverse lattice concept, is determined with great accuracy by the Wolfe—Bragg equation: 2dsin θ = nλ, where d is the interplane distance in a bundle of crystallographic planes, from wich X-ray are reflected; θ is the Bragg diffraction angle; λ is the wavelength of X-rays; n is the diffraction order
Summary
Elementary excitations associated with the collective motion of weakly bound valence electrons relative to the crystal lattice of positive ions in solids are plasma longitudinal waves. Plasma oscillations in a solid can excite X-rays under the condition of a sliding incidence of an X-ray beam at an angle of several angular minutes, at which the X-ray radiation experiences a total external reflection in thin layers of solids with a thickness of no more than 15 nm In this case, only surface plasmons with energies of several. The use in our works the spectral line of soft X-ray radiation CuKα1 with a wavelength λ = 1.5406 Å and, with a large quantum energy E = hν = 8040 eV, far exceeding the energy of surface plasmons, which should lead to a vanishingly low probability of excitation surface plasmons with such energetic X-ray quanta This is explained by the quantum mechanical description of microparticles based on the idea of their particle-wave dualism and describing the resonant interaction between microparticles, which becomes probable when their frequencies coincide [10]. Analyzing dispersion loop-like curves, mechanical microstresses in the surface layers of solids and electronic asymmetry associated with spontaneous polarization of surface layers and thin films are determined
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