Abstract
Ultrasound energy is a green and economically viable alternative to conventional techniques for surface modification of materials. The main benefits of this technique are the decrease of processing time and the amount of energy used. In this work, graphene nanoplatelets were treated with organic acids under ultrasonic radiation of 350 W at different times (30 and 60 min) aiming to modify their surface with functional acid groups and to improve the adsorption of uremic toxins. The modified graphene nanoplatelets were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optimum time for modification with organic acids was 30 min. The modified nanoplatelets were tested as adsorbent material for uremic toxins using the equilibrium isotherms where the adsorption isotherm of urea was adjusted for the Langmuir model. From the solution, 75% of uremic toxins were removed and absorbed by the modified nanoplatelets.
Highlights
Nowadays, Diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, increased weight, and obesity have a high impact on human health
The aim of this study is to perform a surface modification of graphene nanoplatelets by a combination of organic acids, citric acid with oxalic acid and citric acid with formic acid, and ultrasonic irradiation with different sonication times to determine the adsorption of uremic toxins on these graphene nanoplatelets
All experiments were done into a sound-abating enclosure
Summary
Diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, increased weight, and obesity have a high impact on human health. All of these can cause chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is a complex disease. Hemodialysis treatment involves four hours, three days a week, several side effects such as headaches and dizziness, among others are shown. A solution to improve the hemodialysis process and give a better quality of life for patients is the development of new adsorbent materials that can be incorporated into a polymeric membrane. Zeolite [3] and activated carbon [4], among others, have been used as adsorbent
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