Surface Modification of Esophageal Stent Materials by a Drug-Eluting Layer for Better Anti-Restenosis Function

Abstract

It is generally accepted that stent implantation is the mainstream therapy in clinics for esophageal cancer in the later period. However, the restenosis caused by tumor cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts seriously interferes with the stent medical application and limits its long-term services. To address this conundrum, a series of drug-eluting stents were invented and verified to be feasible in the early stage after implantation, but the limited drug loading and good cell compatibility of the stent materials may lead to more serious restenosis and further endanger the patient’s life. In previous work, we modified the esophageal stent material 317L stainless steel (317L SS) surface with a poly-dopamine/poly-ethylenimine layer (PDA/PEI), which had strong anti-tumor functions. In this contribution, we employed a usual drug in clinic, 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu), with series of density onto the PDA/PEI modified 317L SS to investigate the influence of 5-Fu immobilization on the anti-restenosis function. The surface characterization including 5-Fu quantity, atomic force microscopy (AFM). Water contact angle measurement indicated successful preparation of the PDA/PEI/5-Fu layers. The spectrophotometric characterization revealed that the immobilized 5-Fu rapidly released over 24 h. However, the Eca109, Het-1A, and L929 cells culture results suggested that the released 5-Fu made a significant contribution to improving the apoptosis and necrosis of these pathological cells, and the PDA/PEI/5-Fu layers maintain the consistent anti-restenosis function on their surfaces with the PDA/PEI layer after 24 h. All the results demonstrated the PDA/PEI/5-Fu layers’ excellent ability to suppress esophageal tumor cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts, suggesting a potential application on the surface modification of esophageal stents for better anti-restenosis function.