Abstract
The Surface Limited Redox Replacement (SLRR) method in one-cell configuration has been used to grow Pt ultra-thin films on Au using two different sacrificial underpotentially deposited (UPD) layers: Cu and Pb. The Pt films grown by multiple Pb UPD-SLRR cycles (1–10) exhibit comparable roughness as determined by integration of the H UPD charge. In contrast to that, due to the 2:1 stoichiometry of the replacement between Cu UPD layer and PtCl42+ ions, the Pt films grown by Cu UPD-SLRR show a steady increase of the roughness with the number of deposition cycles (1–10). The differences in the structure of the films have been used as a platform to study the stripping of pre-adsorbed CO and the formic acid oxidation (FAO) reaction as a function of their thickness. On Pt films of comparable roughness grown by SLRR of Pb UPD, the CO stripping peak shows no significant changes in the onset potential and a small peak maximum shift of ∼7mV between the film of lowest (1ML) and all higher thicknesses (2–10ML). However, Pt films grown by SLRR of Cu UPD show a larger potential window of differences of ∼26mV over which the peak maximum potentials shift more negative with the number of deposition cycles. The most positive CO stripping potential obtained for a sub-ML Pt (∼0.56ML) grown by a single SLRR cycle suggests CO is more strongly bonded than on films grown by multiple replacements that completely cover the Au substrate. The measured activity toward FAO is in agreement with the CO electro-oxidation results. No significant differences in the activity for FAO have been observed on Pt films of comparable roughness grown by SLRR of Pb UPD which show activity close to that of pure Pt. However, a more significant change of FAO reactivity has been measured for Pt films grown via SLRR of Cu UPD with the highest activity measured for a sub-ML Pt deposit. Following subsequent replacements, the FAO activity tends towards that of pure Pt. The observed differences in the catalytic behaviour of Pt films grown by SLRR are the result of the differences in their morphology and the nanocluster structure of the films. On sub-monolayer Pt films, the behaviour is dominated by nanocluster size and coverage of the deposit. For a completely covered surface of Au, the effect of roughness of Pt films and nanocluster nature of the deposit has a dominant role in the behaviour and activity.
Highlights
A demand for low-cost, highly active and stable Pt catalysts for fuel cell applications has been driving the development of new Pt nanostructures in which atomic scale effects and phenomena can be exploited [1,2,3,4]
In agreement with the replacement kinetics and stoichiometry, we show that the electrochemically active surface area (EASA) assessed by H underpotentially deposited (UPD) on Pt films grown by Pb UPD produces epitaxial layers with comparable roughness, while those produced by Cu UPD show increased roughness with the number of cycles
Following the protocol described in the previous work, Pt films of different thicknesses were deposited by successive application of Surface Limited Redox Replacement (SLRR) cycles [23]
Summary
A demand for low-cost, highly active and stable Pt catalysts for fuel cell applications has been driving the development of new Pt nanostructures in which atomic scale effects and phenomena can. The time scale of the spontaneous adsorption is 1–5 minutes and the application of a potential pulse to reduce this layer could add up to 0.25 ML of Pt to the deposit [11,45] All of this suggests the significance of the SLRR kinetics and the importance of understanding the deposition steps that can affect the structure and Pt coverage on a submonolayer-tomonolayer and multilayer level. In agreement with the replacement kinetics and stoichiometry, we show that the electrochemically active surface area (EASA) assessed by H UPD on Pt films grown by Pb UPD produces epitaxial layers with comparable roughness, while those produced by Cu UPD show increased roughness with the number of cycles This difference in the structure was used as a platform to explore the electrooxidation of pre-adsorbed COad and formic acid. Specific attention has been given to the Pt films grown by a single SLRR cycle that showed most pronounced differences in the electrocatalytic behaviour and reactivity due to the Pt-Au surface configuration
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