Abstract
A surface layer formation on positive Li 1 + x Mn 2O 4 − δ thin film model electrodes as a result of electrochemical cycling procedures has been detected and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. These thin film spinel electrodes, prepared by pulsed laser deposition, were cycled in 1 M LiClO 4 in propylene carbonate between 3.5 and 4.4 V vs. Li/Li + at 40 °C and stopped at defined potentials and cycle numbers. The observed surface layers show, depending on the cycling conditions, a spotty and/or layered appearance and the fraction of this layer covering the cycled electrode depends on the charge potential and the number of electrochemical cycles.
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