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Abstract
Dyeing cotton fabrics with anionic dyes produces high effluent loads and requires a considerable amount of water and energy due to the electrostatic repulsion with cellulose. Therefore, several approaches have been researched to increase the efficacy of cotton dyeing. One is the cationization, which adds cationic sites to the cellulose. Another is the treatment of the cotton surface with plasma. In this paper, the combination of both techniques was investigated. Two commercially available cationic agents were used: 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) and poly[bis(2-chloroethyl) ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] quaternized, a novel cationic agent also known as Polyquaternium-2 (P42). The plasma treatment was performed using a dielectric barrier discharge atmospheric plasma facility, helium was used as seed gas and 1.5% of oxygen was injected. The cationization and plasma treatment were performed on greige cotton fabric, an innovative and sustainable approach that eliminates conventional scouring and bleaching processes. The cationic and plasma treated samples were dyed using Reactive Red 195 and Acid Blue 260 dyes. The effect of the treatments was evaluated by different characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The plasma treatment slightly increased the light fastness for some samples, but the cationization tends to prevail over the plasma treatment. The best results were attributed to the samples pretreated by CHPTAC, which presented the highest K/S and lowest unlevelness for samples dyed with reactive and acid dyes. CHPTAC is the most common cationic agent for textiles, but its industrial use is limited due to safety criticisms. The combination between plasma and P42 resulted in the same color strength as the conventional reactive dyeing. Therefore, this approach offers a safer alternative to the conventional cationization process.
Highlights
The plasma treatment is considered an environmentally friendly method for surface treatment as it reduces the use of chemicals in the textile processes (Feng et al 2020)
Two commercially available cationic agents were used: 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) and poly[bis(2-chloroethyl) etheralt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] quaternized, a novel cationic agent known as Polyquaternium2 (P42)
The effect of the treatments was evaluated by different characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Summary
The plasma treatment is considered an environmentally friendly method for surface treatment as it reduces the use of chemicals in the textile processes (Feng et al 2020). Surface treatment of textile fibers and fabrics has been performed with plasma since the 1960s (Palaskar et al 2020). Plasma can modify the surface of the fibers in different ways, including grafting, etching and polymerization (Sun et al 2018). These alterations are restricted up to a few nanometers from the textile surface and result in no change to the bulk properties of the materials. From a chemical point of view, the plasma treatment enhances the functionalization of the fiber and interaction with polymeric materials, such as cellulose (Negulescu et al 2000; Palaskar et al 2020; Ahmed et al 2020)
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