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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy encompasses a variety of approaches which target or use a patient’s immune system components to eliminate cancer. Notably, the current use of immune checkpoint inhibitors to target immune checkpoint receptors such as CTLA-4 or PD-1 has led to remarkable treatment responses in a variety of cancers. To predict cancer patients’ immunotherapy responses effectively and efficiently, multiplexed immunoassays have been shown to be advantageous in sensing multiple immunomarkers of the tumor microenvironment simultaneously for patient stratification. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is well-regarded for its capabilities in multiplexed bioassays and has been increasingly demonstrated in cancer immunotherapy applications in recent years. This review focuses on SERS-active nanomaterials in the modern literature which have shown promise for enabling cancer patient-tailored immunotherapies, including multiplexed in vitro and in vivo immunomarker sensing and imaging, as well as immunotherapy drug screening and delivery.
Highlights
Cancer is a dynamic disease that can engage multiple immune evasion strategies to promote tumor growth and spread [1,2,3,4,5]
Cancer immunotherapy is based on the reprogramming of molecular mechanisms that govern the interplay between cancer cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment
Utilized cancer immunotherapy approaches include immune checkpoint blockade therapy directed against immune checkpoint proteins (e.g., PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, VISTA), chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, dendritic cell vaccines, and cytokines, among others [15,16,17,18,19,20]
Summary
Cancer is a dynamic disease that can engage multiple immune evasion strategies to promote tumor growth and spread [1,2,3,4,5]. Cancer immunotherapy is based on the reprogramming of molecular mechanisms that govern the interplay between cancer cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. COINs are clusters of silver nanoparticles tagged with Raman dyes and prepared in the presence of heat or salt, and the increased aggregation of nanoparticles facilitate significantly enhanced Raman signals. Utilizing this method, Sailaja and co-workers successfully detected CD8+ T cells (as low as 7% of total cells) from a background of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In a bid to provide a unique outline on the emerging use of SERS in the exciting field of cancer immunotherapy, we discuss the recent progress in SERS nanomaterials that have exhibited application potential for patient-tailored cancer immunotherapy selection and monitoring, including multiplexed in vitro and in vivo immune-sensing, -imaging, and -drug screening/delivery
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