Abstract
In recent years, bioanalytical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has blossomed into a fast-growing research area. Owing to its high sensitivity and outstanding multiplexing ability, SERS is an effective analytical technique that has excellent potential in bioanalysis and diagnosis, as demonstrated by its increasing applications in vivo. SERS allows the rapid detection of molecular species based on direct and indirect strategies. Because it benefits from the tunable surface properties of nanostructures, it finds a broad range of applications with clinical relevance, such as biological sensing, drug delivery and live cell imaging assays. Of particular interest are early-stage-cancer detection and the fast detection of pathogens. Here, we present a comprehensive survey of SERS-based assays, from basic considerations to bioanalytical applications. Our main focus is on SERS-based pathogen detection methods as point-of-care solutions for early bacterial infection detection and chronic disease diagnosis. Additionally, various promising in vivo applications of SERS are surveyed. Furthermore, we provide a brief outlook of recent endeavours and we discuss future prospects and limitations for SERS, as a reliable approach for rapid and sensitive bioanalysis and diagnosis.
Highlights
In applied sciences, rapid, accurate and sensitive response are key aspects of all analytical techniques; this is especially true when it comes to detection and therapeutic issues within the healthcare environment
For public health safety and disease prevention, there is a dire need for detection methods that offer high sensitivity, reproducibility, fast sample preparation time, user-friendliness and cost-effectiveness
Their fast, cost-effective, sensitive and label-free approach for the detection of DNA with applications in clinical diagnosis is represented by an unique biosensor based on a molecular sentinel (MS)[88] that is dispensed on the surface of a plasmonic Nanowave chip (MFON)
Summary
Mass spectrometry, etc. that are developed for biomolecule detection and biomedical imaging, based on biological, physical and chemical phenomena. For public health safety and disease prevention, there is a dire need for detection methods that offer high sensitivity, reproducibility, fast sample preparation time, user-friendliness and cost-effectiveness This need covers a wide range of biomedical applications including vibrational spectroscopy for pathologies with reliable, fit-topurposes methods for bioanalysis and diagnosis. SERS-based detection of bacteria is fast and can be performed at the single-cell level It could be used for diagnosing human infections (e.g. with antibiotic-resistant bacteria) using culture-free methods, directly from patient fluids or even in vivo.[10] SERS benefits from recent efforts to develop tandem microfluidic devices in order to improve in situ bioanalysis with direct clinical applicability.[7]. How do bioanalytes act after interacting with the nanoparticles? Do the SERS analyses affect the biological processes during in vivo detection?
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