Surface composition of Co xNi 1− xO solid solutions by X-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopies

Abstract

The surface and bulk compositions of the mixed metal oxide Co x Ni 1− x O have been compared over the entire range of stoichiometry 0≤ x≤1. The materials, which were formed as polycrystalline solid solutions, were shown to be well-ordered and homogeneous in the bulk, but tend to deviate in their surface composition for x≳0.6. Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy gave comparable results and indicated that the surface composition for samples showing deviation from bulk stoichiometry was compatible with the formation of a spinel-like NiCo 2O 4 surface phase. XPS binding energies and spectral peak shapes provided information that indicates that the Ni 2+ cations occupy octahedral sites, leaving the Co 3+ divided between tetrahedral and octahedral occupancy in an inverse spinel structure. The surface spinel shows evidence of oxide defect formation, however, and in the range of the spinel formation yields a second O 1s peak with binding energy of 531.2 eV that cannot easily be attributed to hydroxyl formation. The oxygen species, which has been reported previously for surface oxidation to produce similar metal oxide compounds, has been attributed to defect lattice oxygen.