Abstract
The utilization of cottonseed meal products as valuable industrial materials needs to be exploited. We have recently produced water-washed cottonseed meal, total cottonseed protein, sequentially extracted water- and alkali-soluble proteins, and two residues after the total and sequential protein extractions at a pilot scale. In this work, the surface characteristics of the six cottonseed meal products were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the surface properties of the six products differed from those of a commercial soy protein flour examined comparatively in this work. The compact morphology and relative-high N composition were observed in all three protein products, with greater similarity between the total protein and alkali-soluble protein. The surfaces of the two residue products were more porous with polysaccharide features. Washed cottonseed meal possessed the surface features similar to those of the residues. In the meantime, the N-associated functional groups were under-represented in the surfaces of all samples, compared to their bulk composition. Information derived from this work increased the understanding of the surface functional properties of cottonseed meal products, which would benefit their practical utilization.
Highlights
Cotton is one of the most important non-food crops in the world
The six products used in this work were one-step alkali-extracted cottonseed protein isolate (CSPI) and the extraction residual (CSRi), water-soluble protein fraction (CSPw) and alkali-soluble protein fraction (CSPa) and the residual (CSIR) from sequential extraction of cottonseed meal by deionized water and 0.015 M NaOH, and washed cottonseed meal (WCSM)
The morphologies of the cottonseed protein products, and afterextraction residues were similar to those of separated wheat protein and arabinoxylans, respectively (Saad et al, 2011). The microstrcutures of these cottonseed proteins were not as smooth as that of the commercial soy protein powder used in this work for comparison purpose
Summary
Cotton is one of the most important non-food crops in the world. From this interesting and renewable resource, it is possible to obtain a large variety of products that can be utilized in many disparate fields (Proto et al, 2000; Liu et al, 2015). Cotton fiber, cottonseed oil and defatted cottonseed meal are the three major products of cotton bolls. The utilization of defatted cottonseed meal as a valuable industrial stock feed and a fertilizer needs to be further exploited (Grevellec et al, 2001; Grewal and Khare, 2017; He and Cheng, 2017; Swiatkiewicz et al, 2016). Generation of a sizable volume of cottonseed meal-based products set the foundation for further promoting the enhanced utilization of cottonseed meal-based products as biobased raw materials
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