Abstract
The cellular response on the surface of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP)-processed nanostructured titanium grade 2 substrates after plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has been investigated. The results demonstrate that, after four passes of the ECAP process, the mechanical properties of the nanostructured sample were significantly enhanced compared with the coarse-grained sample. The results of x-ray diffractometry and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed that hydroxyapatite particles formed on the nanostructured Ti surface modified by PEO, indicating enhanced bioactivity. The growth rate and degree of cell attachment were notably increased, while the number of necrotic and apoptotic cells was negligible on the surface of the PEO-coated nanostructured titanium. This enhanced cell activity is related to the ultrafine grains with a distinct surface oxide layer having specific morphology and composition. As both the surface and bulk properties of the PEO-processed nanostructured titanium samples were improved, these samples could be excellent candidates for use as bone substitute materials.
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