Abstract
New surface active ionic liquids (SAILs), based on cholinium cations and dodecylbenzenesulfonate as anion, have been synthesized and their potential application as antimicrobial colonization agents on cultural heritage (CH)stone materials investigated. The biocidal activity and antifouling capabilities were, preliminarily, evaluated by a screening on pure Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria strain cultures, yeasts, hyphomycetes and single-celled algae. Tests on stone materials (marble and tufa) vs. a stabilized community, constituted by a mixture of microbial strains, revealed that some SAILs display both antimicrobial and preventive antibiofilm action against new colonization. Analogous tests have been performed on the cholinium@halide precursors.
Highlights
Biocolonization of a stone artifact may occur, (a) as spots due to few or single microorganisms [1,2], (b) as lichenic crusts [3] or (c) as biological patinas or biofilm due to a composite microbial community [4,5,6]
The 2–5 alkyl-cholinium halides were subjected to anion exchange reaction with NaDBS to give the corresponding cholinium@DBSsurfaceactive ionic liquids (SAILs) in moderate (2a and 3a) and low yields (4a and 5a), respectively
The development of new antimicrobial/anti-settlement coatings to control the biodeterioration process on stone cultural heritage (CH) sites, especially if exposed outdoors, which matches green conservation requirements still represent a challenge for researchers operating in this field
Summary
Biocolonization of a stone artifact may occur, (a) as spots due to few or single microorganisms (e.g., meristematic fungi) [1,2], (b) as lichenic crusts [3] or (c) as biological patinas or biofilm due to a composite microbial community [4,5,6]. It is strongly correlated to the physical (porosity, roughness) and chemical characteristics of the matrix stone as well as to environmental conditions [7] This implies that each conservation procedure should be customized taking into account the moment of intervention, the constituent material features, and a number of environmental parameters such as outdoor/indoor, light exposure, humidity, airborne particulates, pollution and so on. Biomimetic approaches have been exploited to obtain micro/nanostructured water-repellant and anti-settling coating surfaces [11,12,13] These are configured as alternatives to organic polymers, whose application gave rise to serious drawbacks, becoming, over time, examples of negative practice of cultural heritage (CH) conservation methodologies. This approach excludes the use of fluorine additives to gain access to material coatings with reduced surface tension
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