Abstract
In this study, we used anion supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) prepared from a mixture of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and a cationic surfactant, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr), as the extraction solvent in liquid phase microextraction (LPME) of paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ). The enriched PQ and DQ in the SUPRAS phase were simultaneously analyzed by ion-pairing reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. PQ and DQ were successfully extracted by LPME via electrostatic interaction between the positive charge of the quats and the negative charge of SUPRAS. PQ, DQ, and ethyl viologen (the internal standard) were separated within 15 min on a C18 column, with the mobile phase containing 1-dodecanesulfonic acid and triethylamine, via UV detection. The optimized conditions for the extraction of 10 mL aqueous solution are 50 μL of SUPRAS prepared from a mixture of SDS and TBABr at a mole ratio of 1:0.5, vortexed for 10 s at 1800 rpm, and centrifugation for 1 min at 3500 rpm. The obtained enrichment factors were 22 and 26 with limits of detection of 1.5 and 2.8 µg L−1 for DQ and PQ, respectively. The precision was good with relative standard deviations less than 3.86%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of PQ and DQ in vegetable samples and recoveries were found in the range of 75.0% to 106.7%.
Highlights
A group of quaternary ammonium compounds, known as quats, has been used as herbicides and anticholinergic drugs
We investigated liquid phase microextraction (LPME) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a UV detector as a sensitive method for simultaneous analysis of quats
The supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) prepared from a mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) was used as the extraction solvent
Summary
A group of quaternary ammonium compounds, known as quats, has been used as herbicides and anticholinergic drugs. Paraquat (PQ) or 1,10 -dimethyl-4,40 -bipyridinium dichloride, commercial name Gramoxone and diquat (DQ) or 1,10 -ethylene-2,20 -bipyridyldiylium dibromide, have been commonly used as non-selective herbicides [1,2]. They are fast-acting contact herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis, so they have been used as pre-harvest desiccants and defoliants and for industrial and aquatic weed control [3]. The ingestion of the most toxic quats, PQs, into the human body can have long-term health effects, such as Parkinson’s disease, liver failure, heart failure, lung damage, and skin cancer [6]. It has been banned in some countries [7,8]
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