Supramolecular solvent-based liquid–liquid microextraction (SUPRAS-LLME) of Sudan dyes from food and water samples with HPLC

Abstract

Utilizing the environmentally friendly technique of supramolecular solvent-based microextraction (SUPRAS-LLME), Sudan I-IV dyes were successfully isolated and enriched from food and natural water samples. The optimization of the microextraction process was carried out by studying the effects of various parameters such as pH (6.0), supramolecular volume (100 μL), tetrahydrofuran (THF) volume (200 μL), ultrasonication temperature (40 °C), and vortex time (1.0 min). Extraction efficiency ranged between 82 % and 109 %, while other analytical parameters such as the limits of detection (LOD) were determined to be 0.23, 0.51, 0.42, and 0.39 μg L−1 for Sudan I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The total figure of merits for the presented SUPRAS-LLME method includes a limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.78, 1.70, 1.41, and 1.30 μg L−1, a relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 3.4, 6.1, 2.9, and 4.4 (n = 10), a linear range of 5–1000 μg L−1 for all Sudan dyes, a pre-concentration factor (PF) of 15, 10, 10, and 17, and a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9994, 0.9965, 0.9955, and 0.9946, for Sudan I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The environmental friendliness of the method was confirmed by evaluating the greenness of the method with the AGREE metric tool. A sustainable and environmentally friendly option for the extraction of Sudan dyes from food and water samples is offered by this SUPRAS-LLME method.