Abstract

HighlightsRational design of 3D flexible free-standing membrane catalysts with protonation between supramolecular polymers and nitrogen-deficient carbon nitride nanotubes frameworks via facile bottom-up self-conversion approach.PEMAC@NDCN demonstrates the lowest reversible oxygen bifunctional activity of 0.61 V with exceptional long-lasting durability, surpassing the commercial and reported champion oxygen catalysts.Engineering catalytically active cathode materials enabled all-temperature flexible Zn–air batteries with high electrochemical and mechanical performances (temperature of − 40 to 70 °C) under harsh operations.

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