Suppressor Mutations That Allow Sindbis Virus RNA Polymerase to Function with Nonaromatic Amino Acids at the N-Terminus: Evidence for Interaction between nsP1 and nsP4 in Minus-Strand RNA Synthesis

Abstract

The alphavirus RNA polymerase, nsP4, invariably has a Tyr residue at the N-terminus. Previously we reported that the N-terminal Tyr residue of nsP4 of Sindbis virus, the type species of the genus Alphavirus, can be substituted with Phe, Trp, or His without altering the wild-type phenotype in cultured cells but that other substitutions tested, except for Met, were lethal or quasilethal. Here we report the identification of two suppressor mutations in nsP4 (Glu-191 to Leu and Glu-315 to Gly, Val, or Lys) and one in nsP1 (Thr-349 to Lys) that allow nsP4 with nonaromatic amino acids at the N-terminus to function at 30°C. The suppressor mutation at nsP4 Glu-315 occurred most frequently. All three suppressor mutations suppressed the effects of Ala, Arg, or Leu at the N-terminus of nsP4 with almost equal efficiency and thus the effect of the suppressing mutation is independent of the nsP4 N-terminal residue. Reconstructed mutants containing nsP1-T349K or nsP4-E315G combined with Ala-nsP4 had a defect in minus-strand RNA synthesis at 40°C. A double mutant containing nsP4-Q191L combined with Ala-nsP4 was unstable and could not be tested for RNA synthesis because it reverted to temperature-independence too rapidly. Combinations of nsP1-T349K or nsP4-E315G with Leu, Arg, His, or any aromatic amino acid at the N-terminus of nsP4 also made the mutant viruses temperature sensitive. The results from this study and from a previous report on the shutoff of minus-strand RNA synthesis at 40°C with the nsP1-A348T mutation in ts11 suggests that the N-terminus nsP4 interacts with nsP1 during initiation of minus-strand RNA synthesis.