Abstract
Alternanthera sessilis, an edible succulent herb, has been widely used as herbal drug in many regions around the globe. Inflammation is a natural process of the innate immune system, accompanied with the increase in the level of proinflammatory mediators, for example, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PGE2); cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); and enzymes including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via the activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) subunit p65 due to the phosphorylation of inhibitory protein, IκBα. Inflammation over a short period of time is essential for its therapeutic effect. However, prolonged inflammation can be detrimental as it is related to many chronic diseases such as delayed wound healing, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Therefore, ways to curb chronic inflammation have been extensively investigated. In line with that, in this present study, we attempted to study the suppression activity of the proinflammatory cytokines and mediators as a characteristic of anti-inflammatory action, by using stem extract of A. sessilis in the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The results showed that the extract has significantly inhibited the production of the proinflammatory mediators including NO and PGE2; cytokines comprising IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα; and enzymes covering the iNOS and COX-2 by preventing the IκBα from being degraded, to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit p65 in order to hinder the inflammatory pathway activation. These results indicated that the stem extract of A. sessilis could be an effective candidate for ameliorating inflammatory-associated complications.
Highlights
Health issues such as diabetic foot ulcer, pneumonia, Alzheimer, Parkinson’s, and colitis are some of the complications that arise due to abnormalities of inflammatory responses taking place at a localized region or organ [1]
Due to the response with the existence of cellular stimuli, the inflammatory signaling is activated resulting in the transcribing proinflammatory genes thereby generating proinflammatory mediators and cytokines including nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and prostaglandin (PGE2) [6]
The cytotoxicity of stem extract of A. sessilis was evaluated by measuring the percentage of cell viability on RAW 264.7 macrophages using MTT reduction assay for 24 h
Summary
Health issues such as diabetic foot ulcer, pneumonia, Alzheimer, Parkinson’s, and colitis are some of the complications that arise due to abnormalities of inflammatory responses taking place at a localized region or organ [1]. With the major aim of inflammation is to get rid of the detrimental agents from our body, when a foreign material is present, it causes a specific binding protein on the body cell surface to fix and form a complex known as the pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The binding action with TLR4 induces phosphorylation and eventually activates the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of the activated B cell (NF-κB) inflammatory signaling pathway [5]. Due to the response with the existence of cellular stimuli, the inflammatory signaling is activated resulting in the transcribing proinflammatory genes thereby generating proinflammatory mediators and cytokines including nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and prostaglandin (PGE2) [6]
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