Abstract
This work addresses a tough challenge of achieving two opposing goals: ensuring long lifetimes and supporting short end-to-end delays in sensor networks. Obviously, sensor nodes must wake up often to support short delays in multi-hop networks. As event occurs seldom in common applications, most wake-up are useless: nodes waste energy due to idle listening. We introduce a set of solutions, referred to as LETED (limiting end-to-end delays), which shorten the wake-up periods, reduce idle listening, and save energy. We exploit hardware features of available transceivers that allow early detection of idle wake-up periods. This feature is introduced on top of our approach to reduce idle listening stemming from clock drift owing to the estimation of run-time drift. To evaluate LETED and other MAC protocols that support short end-to-end delays we present an analytical model, which considers almost 30 hardware and software parameters. Our evaluation revealed that LETED reduces idle listening by 15x and more against similar solutions. Also, LETED outperforms other protocols and provides significant longer lifetimes. For example, nodes with LETED work 8x longer than those with a common TDMA and 2x-3x longer than with protocols based on preamble sampling, like B-MAC.
Highlights
Recent development in the electronic industry, especially miniaturization, allowed the use of tiny wireless devices with sensing abilities, referred to as sensor nodes
We introduce a set of solutions, referred to as Limiting End-to-End Delays (LETED), which shorten the wake-up periods, reduce idle listening, and save energy
In [23] we examined the tradeoff between the end-to-end delay and the lifetime of a one-hop sensor network based on IEEE 802.15.4 connected to a IEEE 802.11 g network
Summary
Recent development in the electronic industry, especially miniaturization, allowed the use of tiny wireless devices with sensing abilities, referred to as sensor nodes. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks the node wakes up before sending data towards the sink It results in significant end-to-end delays and the sink may receive event notices too late. To counter this threat, nodes should wake up more often, but this increases the duty cycle and shortens the lifetime. (ii) as events occur seldom in CIP application, most wake-up periods are useless that is, nodes do not receive data but only waste energy due to idle listening To cope with these problems, this work introduces the LETED (limiting end-to-end delays) protocol that shortens the wake-up periods and saves energy by applying the following means.
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