Supplementation of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) on the utilization of Mimosa pigra and Leucaena leucocephala leaf for in vitro fermentation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate water spinach as forage substitution on in vitro gas production, digestibility and kinetics fermentation. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. The Treatments were: T1 = control of Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott grass + 0% of water spinach, T2 = + 20% of water spinach, T3: 40% of water spinach and T4: 60% of water spinach. Results showed that substitution of 20% Water Spinach as forage increased gas production after 48 h of incubation. There is no difference in the potential fraction degraded by the addition of a water spinach at the level of 20% compared to the control, although there is a decrease in the addition of 40 and 60% of the water spinach. Substitution of water spinach was not significant on kinetics fermentation of readily soluble fraction (a) and rate constant per hour of gas production (c). The substitution of 20% water spinach increased dry matter digestibility reaching 10% compared to control. The water spinach substitution increased organic matter digestibility (P<0.05). It is concluded that 20% of water spinach had the highest gas production and nutrient digestibility and thus, it can be used as forage alternative for ruminant.

The high cost of animal protein sources has made it necessary to evaluate the use of alternative plant protein sources especially unconventional plant proteins. Leucaena leucocephala (white lead tree) is a leguminous plant, the leaves of which have the potential of being used as a plant protein source. Leucaena leaf has been analysed to have a crude protein value of 15.2-34.3%. The plant leaves were collected from the forage section of the College of Agriculture and Animal Sciences (CAAS) Mando, Kaduna. The first group of the leaves was divided into three and sun-dried for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours respectively. The second group was further divided into three subgroups which were soaked in water for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours then sun-dried. The two groups of the leaves were ground into leaf powder. The effects of sun-drying and soaking on amino acid composition of L. leucocephala leaves was investigated. The amino acid analysis was done by ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) using the Technicon Sequential Multisample Amino Acid Analyser (TSM) Technicon Instruments Corporation, New York. The essential amino acids detected in L. leucocephala leaf were arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine. Alanine, cysteine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine and proline were the non-essential amino acids detected. Sun-drying and soaking led to significant (P≤0.05) losses in the concentration of all the amino acids in the leaf samples (Sundried for 24 hours - SD1, Sundried for 48 hours - SD2, Sundried for 72 hours - SD3, soaked in water for 24 hours – SW1, soaked in water for 48 hours - SW2, soaked in water for 72 hours - SW3) when compared with the raw leaf samples (SU). Soaking caused higher reduction in the amino acid levels when compared to sun-drying in the test leaf meals which was significant at P≤0.05. The amino acid scores revealed that lysine and methionine were the limiting amino acids in L. leucocephala leaves relative to WHO/FAO/UNU standard for preschool aged children. Therefore, processed L. leucocephala leaves should be supplemented with other feed ingredients rich in these amino acids for animal feed production.&#x0D; Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala leaf, sun-drying, soaking, amino acid composition.

Field studies demonstrate low flowback efficiency determined by volumetric analysis of injected and recovered fracturing water. However, the reasons for inefficient water recovery, and its impact on short-term and long term production are poorly understood. Furthermore, volumetric water analysis is not sufficient for determining the source of recovered water and the true load recovery. This paper aims at understanding how flowback efficiency is related to the imbibition process, presence or absence of natural fractures, and the complexity of induced fracture network. We interpret the flowback rate and salt concentration, measured from several multi-fractured horizontal wells recently completed in different members of the Horn River basin. We also measure and analyze water imbibition and salt diffusion rate in actual cores drilled from the same shale members. The wells are classified into those with 1) low water and high gas production, 2) high water and low gas production. This classification is explained by lab imbibition data and possible fracture patterns. Furthermore, the flowback salt concentration change is explained by the diffusion data measured in the laboratory. This systematic study provides a practical database for understanding the factors impacting the water recovery that will potentially help the operators to optimize the flowback operations, and obtain useful information about the induced fracture network.

In intensive aquaculture farming activities will generate solid waste and liquid waste that comes from feces and leftover fish feed. The waste accumulation can lead to deterioration of water quality that affects the physiological processes, behavior, growth, and mortality of fish. Technological innovation is needed for the management of water quality and increase productivity as a result of shrinkage of cultivated land. One of the technological innovations that can be applied, namely the incorporation of fish farming with crops through Aquaponics system. This study aims to determine the effects of water spinach optimum density to absorb waste ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) optimally to increase the survival rate and growth rate of african catfish (Clarias sp.) intensive As well as to see its effect on conversion rates and feed efficiency with aquaponics system. The method used is the experimental method. The experimental research is used to determine the effect of certain variable towards a group under controlled conditions. The results of measurements of ammonia levels during P0 showed that the treatment significantly different (p &lt;0.05) with treatment P1; P2; and P3. P3 treatment with water spinach number 40 stems provide maximum results in lowering the concentration of ammonia compared with treatment P0 (without spinach), P1 (20 water spinach), and P2 (30 water spinach). The measurement results nitrite levels during the observation showed that all treatments there were no significant differences (p&gt; 0.05). The measurement results also showed that the nitrate content whole of observation results showed that all treatments there were no significant differences (p&gt; 0.05). The best feed conversion ratio was found in P3 treatment of 1.08. The best feed efficiency was found in P3 treatment 92,25%. The highest survival rate was found in P3 treatment (88.69%) in maintenance medium and lowest survival rate was in P0 treatment (26,71%) without water spinach (control). The highest specific growth rate was found in P3 treatment (1.15%), while the lowest specific growth rate was in treatment P0 (0.79%).Results of water quality measurement supporting all treatments decreased and increased. The supporting water quality are temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. The decrease and increase in support water quality is caused by environmental factors such as weather. Other parameters were observed in addition to supporting the water quality is water spinach plant growth. Value growth water spinach is best found in treatment P3. In the treatment P3 water spinach growth rose 5.14 cm with an initial size of 10.92 into 16.06.

Production characteristics and affecting factors of high—mid rank coalbed methane wells: Taking Fanzhuang and Hancheng mining areas as examples

Stable isotope characteristics of CBM co-produced water and implications for CBM development: The example of the Shizhuangnan block in the southern Qinshui Basin, China

This experimental study aims to compare feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention of pigs fed with four diets. Eight castrated male pigs (Yorkshire x Local breed) of average live weight of 15 kg were given four diets in a double 4*4 Latin square arrangement. The experiment included four treatments, including T1: Concentrate feed 15% + Water spinach 50% + Rice bran 35%; T2: Concentrate feed 30% + Water spinach 35% + Rice bran 35%; T3: Concentrate feed 45% + Water spinach 20% + Rice bran 35%; and T4: Concentrate feed 60% + Water spinach 5% + Rice bran 35%. The results showed that the total intakes of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in T4 were (1.044g/day) and (182.5g/day), respectively, which were significantly higher than the other three treatments (p&lt;0.01). The digestibility of T4 was significantly higher than the other three treatments (p&lt;0.01) as well. The nitrogen retention of T4 (10.84g/day) was also significantly higher than T1 (p&lt;0.01). However, there was non-significant difference as compared to T2 and T3 (p&gt;0.05). Overall, the mixture of concentrate feed 60%, water spinach 5%, and rice bran 35% made the pigs get high feed intake and high digestibility, as well as better Nitrogen absorption in their bodies.

The aim of this study was the investigation of how adsorbents made from Leucaena leucocephala (L. Leu) leaf and bark materials were effective in treating wastewater containing methyl red dye (MeReD). The functional groups in the phytochemical elements from the bark and leaves of L.Leu offer active surface sites and enable the adsorption mechanism. The investigations were done in batch mode. Contact time, adsorbent dose concentration, temperature, pH, and initial MeReD concentration were all examined as significant parameters impacting the sorption process. The study found that significant MeReD removal efficiency was achieved after 90 min of contact time, pH 4.0 units, 1.2 gm/L adsorbent dose concentration, 100 ppm initial MeReD quantity, and 30 oC temperature. The developed adsorbents were applied to samples gathered from dye companies in Hyderabad and Guntur. The extraction of MeReD (81.2% to 90.0%) from untreated wastewater contaminated with MeReD using developed adsorbents was very efficient.

Vegetable growth needs nitrogen (N) supply in the form of nitrate and or ammonium. Alternative environmental-friendly nitrogen can be provided by using N2-fixing cyanobacteria, such as Nostoc. This study investigated the effect of Nostoc sp. GIA13a to spinach (Amaranthus sp.) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) grown in modified Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system provided with Hoagland Solution. The treatments of nitrogen in Hoagland Solution were as follows: nitrate+GIA13a (NGia), nitrate without GIA13a (N), ammonium+nitrate (AN), ammonium+GIA13a (AGia) and ammonium without GIA13a(A). Inoculant of 2 g was added at the 1st and 14th day after planting (dap). Experiment was carried out for 21 days. The result showed that spinach and water spinach had different physiological responses to the occurrence of Nostoc sp. Gia13a in nutrient solution. Total chlorophyll of spinach was increased in treatment with GIA13a inoculation, while it was decreased in water spinach. Ammonium consumption of water spinach was higher than spinach as shown by ammonium concentration on the nutrient solution after 14 days experiment. Inoculation of Nostoc sp. Gia13a also triggered the growth of lateral shoot of water spinach. During experiment, chlorosis symptom was observed in young leaves of both plants. Chlorosis symptom in water spinach occurred in all treatment except NGia, while in spinach the symptom was found only in AGia and A.

The purpose of the study was to treat wastewater of freshwater crayfish ( Cherax quadricarinatus ) culture in aquaponic system using bacteria combination and water spinach ( Ipomea aquatica ). Aquaculture wastewater treatment using water spinach and bacteria combination in aquaponic system can improve water quality of cultivation media of freshwater crayfish, indicated by the decrease of 81% ammonia, 33% nitrate, and 89% orthophosphate. Negative correlation occurred between ammonia and cryfish growth. Positive correlation existed between dissolved oxygen and the length of cryfish. Negative correlation occurred between growth of water spinach with ammonia and orthophosphate concentration. Negative correlation occurred between the abundance of bacteria and ammonia concentration. Positive correlation occurred between the abundance of bacteria and the length as well as weight of the cryfish.

This study was aimed to determine the effect of substitution level of Bothhriochloa pertusa grass with water spinach on pH, Volatile Fatty Acid, Concentration and ammonia in rumen fluid of peanut goat livestock. This study used 4 male kacang goats aged 8-1,5 years with a body weight range of 13,3-19,8 kg with an average of 16,2 kg. This study used a Latin Square design (RBSL) with four treatments and four replication periods. The four treatments were P0: Bothriochloa pertusa grass 60% + leucaena leucochephala 40%, P1: Bothriochloa pertusa grass 45% + leucaena leucochephala 40% + water spinach 15%, P2: Bothriochloa pertusa grass 30% + leucaena leucochephala 40% + water spinach 30%, P3: Botriochloa pertusa grass 15% + leucaena leucochephala 40% + water spinach 45%. Parameters measured were pH, Vollatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and Ammonia (NH3). The data obtained were analysed using Analisis of Variace (ANOVA. The results of this study indicate that pH, P0: 5.89 ± 0.22b, P1: 5,82 ± 0,1b, P2: 5,72 ± 0,17ab, P3: 5,57 ± 0,1a . VFA (mM), P0: 132,03 ± 3,99a, P1: 127,14 ± 3,99a, P2: 129,58 ± 6,31a, P3: 132,76 ± 4,95a. NH3 (mg/dl), P0: 15,89 ± 2,12a, P1: 15,14 ± 0,97a, P2: 15,52 ± 2,45a, P3: 16,41 ± 0,1a. The results of statistical analysis showed that the effect was not significant on the concentration of pH, concentration of VFA and rumen fluid ammonia of peanut goads. The conclusion of this study is that the substitusion of Bothriochloa pertusa grass with water spinach at different levels has the same effect between the treatments on pH, VFA concentration and rumen fluid ammonia of male peanut goat.

In the present study, the nutritional values and in vitro rumen parameters of three browse forages (Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Cajanus cajan (CC) and Khaya senegalensis (KS)) and five grasses (Andropogon gayanus (AG), Panicum maximum C$_{1}$ local (PMCL), Panicum maximum C$_{1}$ ameliorate (PMCA), Pennisetum purpureum (PP), and Brachiaria ruziziensis (BR)) grown in the Republic of Benin were investigated. With this aim, it was determined dry matter (DM), ash, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), metabolizable energy (ME), dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and relative feed value (RFV) as nutritive values, gas production (GP), methane production (MP), organic matter digestibility (OMD) as in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Strained and anaerobically prepared rumen fluid was used for determining GP and OMD. Additionally, the correlations between chemical composition and fermentation characteristics were studied. The samples were collected in two rangeland areas in the Republic of Benin. The lowest and highest ADF contents were determined for CC (30.85%) and PMCA (43.14%). The lowest NDF content was found for CC (48.62%). The highest GP (33.8%) and ME (6.85 MJ/kg DM) have been determined for BR. The CC had the highest DMD (64.9%) and RFV (124.1). The lowest MP (mL) was recorded in PMCA, whereas the highest MP was recorded in AG. The crude protein (CP) content of forages was positively correlated with OMD, DMD, DMI, and RFV, while NDF was negatively correlated with GP, MP, OMD, DMD, DMI, and RFV. However, ADF was negatively correlated with GP, DMD, DMI, and RFV, whereas positively with ME. These results show that all the plant materials used in the present study can be used as alternative forage sources in ruminant rations.

Biofuel is one of the promising energy in the future that can play an essential role in maintaining energy security in Indonesia Biogas , which is only one of many types of biofuels is considered a renewable energy source that does not contribute to the impact of greenhouse gases. The main composition of the gas consists mainly of methane (CH 4 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and resembles commonly used fossil fuels such as natural gas. This study aimed to determine the method of making biogas using water spinach and banana peel waste. The process of making biogas begins with preparing the materials to be fed to the bioreactor daily. The prepared material is put into the bioreactor continuously every 24 hours. The results obtained are the C/N content of water spinach 10 while the banana peel is 42. The C/N ratio affects biogas production. The maximum production of biogas accumulation is in water spinach as raw material. On water spinach, the yield was 287.825 l/kg substrate and the average volume per day was 17.989 l/kg substrate. The banana peel yields 46,184 l/kg of the substrate and the average volume per day is 2,887 l/kg of the substrate. Based on the flame test conducted at the beginning of the week the gas produced can be burned, this occurs in all raw materials.

Moringa oleifera leaf silage and Chlorella vulgaris microalgae mixture used at different levels replacing concentrate feed mixture in the diets of ruminant were evaluated using an in vitro gas production technique. C. vulgaris was included in rations at 1, 2, and 3% concentrations. The concentrate feed mixture was replaced by M. oleifera silage up to 100%. Productions of total gas, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) and ruminal fermentation were measured. Interactions between M. oleifera and C. vulgaris levels were observed for the rate of total gas production, lag time of CH4 production, pH, and concentrations of ammonia-N (NH3-N), total volatile fatty acid (VFA), and propionate. The lower level of C. vulgaris increased total gas production and decreased CH4 and CO2 production as well as improved nutrient degradability compared to the other levels of C. vulgaris which showed less improvement in these parameters. The replacement levels of concentrate at 10 to 40% with M. oleifera linearly increased the asymptotic total gas production and degradabilities of dry matter and acid detergent fiber (P<0.05), while the replacement levels of 80 to 100% lowered the asymptotic (P<0.01) for the ration containing 1% C. vulgaris. Rations containing M. oleifera linearly increased the lag time of total gas production (P<0.05), neutral detergent fiber degradability, and ruminal bacteria count and decreased the asymptotic CH4 and CO2 production and ruminal protozoal count (P<0.05). For the rations containing 2 and 3% C. vulgaris, M. oleifera linearly (P<0.01) decreased the asymptotic total gas, CH4 and CO2 production, and ruminal protozoal count. The lag time of CH4 production was not affected at 1% C. vulgaris, but reduced linearly at 2% and 3% C. vulgaris. Ruminal pH was not affected by M. oleifera, but was increased by C. vulgaris at 3% level. Overall, M. oleifera in the ration containing C. vulgaris at all levels increased ruminal NH3-N concentration; however, C. vulgaris at 2% level and M. oleifera at levels up to 40% lowered NH3-N concentration. M. oleifera rations with 1% and 2% C. vulgaris increased the concentrations of total VFA and propionate, whereas these variables were not affected at 3% C. vulgaris level. In conclusion, replacement of concentrate mixture with M. oleifera at 30% level and C. vulgaris at 1% in the diet due to associative effects may improve ruminal fermentation and feed degradability while decreasing CH4 production.

Dose and combinations of anise oil and capsicum oleoresin as rumen fermentation modifiers in vitro and in vivo with high concentrate diets fed to Holstein beef heifers