Supplementation of tuna hydrolysate and insect larvae improves fishmeal replacement efficacy of poultry by-product in Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) juveniles

Muhhammad A. B. Siddik,Janet Howieson,Md Reaz Chaklader,Ravi Fotedar,Md Javed Foysal

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84660-5

Muhhammad A. B. Siddik, Janet Howieson + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84660-5

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Abstract

The effects of feeding different levels of poultry by-product meal (PBM) replacing fishmeal (FM) protein, supplemented with tuna hydrolysate (TH) and Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae, on the growth, fillet quality, histological traits, immune status, oxidative biomarker levels and gut microbiota of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer were investigated for six weeks. Barramundi were fed four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets in which a FM based diet was used as the Control diet (Diet1) and compared with other non-FM diets containing 80%, 85% and 90% PBM along with the concurrent supplementation of 5% and/or 10% TH and HI larvae meal. These treatment diets were designated as 80PBM10TH+10HI (Diet2), 85PBM5TH+10HI (Diet3) and 90PBM5TH+5HI (Diet4). The growth and condition factor of fish fed 80PBM10TH+10HI and 85PBM5TH+10HI were significantly higher than the Control. Total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid retention in the fish muscle increased in fish fed PBM-based diets, supplemented with TH and HI larvae meal, with no adverse effect on post-harvest characteristics such as texture and colour of fish fillets. Improvement in serum total bilirubin and total protein content was found in all fish fed TH and HI larvae supplemented PBM. Similarly, immune response showed a significant increase in fish fed non-FM test diets than the Control. In the distal intestine, supplementation of any quantities of TH and HI larvae to PBM led to an increase in the microvilli density and neutral mucins while the number of goblet cells in the skin were unchanged. Liver, kidney, and spleen histology demonstrated a normal structure with no obvious changes in response to all test diets. Bacterial diversity increased in fish fed Diets 2 and 3 with a high abundance of Proteobacteria in Diets 1 and 4 and Firmicutes in Diets 2 and 3. The fish on test diets showed a lower abundance of genus Vibrio. Fish fed TH and HI larvae supplemented PBM diets showed lower infection rate to V. harveyi than the Control. Collectively, concurrent supplementation of TH and HI larvae could improve the quality of PBM diets with positive effects on growth, fillet quality, intestinal health, immunity, and disease resistance.

Highlights

Due to a favourable nutritional profile, compatible with the nutritional requirement of most aquaculture species[1], the aquaculture industry has traditionally relied on fishmeal (FM) as the main protein source[2]
In our previous s tudies[13,20,21], we have shown that the exclusive inclusion of PBM protein at the expense of FM protein caused histopathological changes in the liver and impaired the integrity of intestinal micromorphology of barramundi
Condition factor (CF) increased significantly in fish fed supplemented tuna hydrolysate (TH) and Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae diets, hepatosomatic (HSI) and viscerosomatic (VSI) indices were not influenced by any test diets

Summary

Introduction

Due to a favourable nutritional profile, compatible with the nutritional requirement of most aquaculture species[1], the aquaculture industry has traditionally relied on fishmeal (FM) as the main protein source[2]. Promising results in terms of growth performance, immune response and disease resistance have been reported for many carnivorous fish species such as barramundi[22,23,32], Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar[33], European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax[34] and Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus L.35 when fed FPH at an appropriate level. Among all insects investigated so far, the larvae of Hermetia illucens (HI), commonly known as black soldier fly has been identified as a potential aquafeed ingredient due to the ability to assimilate nutrients from low-value wastes and by-products and transform such ingredients into high-quality animal biomass, representing a sustainable way to produce edible proteins for livestock p roduction[2,40,41]. The dietary supplementation of HI larvae in the aquadiets could play an important role in modulating immune response and defensive mechanisms against microbial pathogens

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