Supplementation of non-fermented and fermented goji berry (Lycium barbarum) improves hepatic function and corresponding lipid metabolism via their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in high fat-fed rats

Sunhye Lee,Hoon Park,Hyunji Seo,Yeongju Park,Unsik Hwang,Hee-Jae Suh,Soyeon Jeong,Cheongbin You

doi:10.1186/s13765-021-00642-1

Sunhye Lee, Hoon Park + Show 6 more

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https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-021-00642-1

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Abstract

Development of obesity is associated with excessive fat accumulation and oxidative stress along with chronic inflammation. Goji berries (Lycium barbarum) are high in polyphenolic compounds and have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and hypolipidemic properties that may alleviate the pathogenesis of obesity and related metabolic complications. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate potential metabolic benefits of GB supplementation against high fat (HF) diet-induced obesity and its comorbidities in HF diet-fed rats (male Sprague–Dawley, n = 8/group, 6 weeks old). We also sought to examine the potential metabolic benefits of fermented GB (FGB) with L. plantarum CB3 and possible distinctions in the degree and/or mechanism of action compared to GB. GB and FGB supplementation suppressed the gene expression of inflammation indices at the local (adipose tissues) and systemic (liver) levels. In addition, GB and FGB supplementation upregulated the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes compared to the HF and/or even low fat (LF) group with more remarkable antioxidant effects by GB supplementation. Also, GB and FGB supplementation protected from HF-induced damages of the liver and dyslipidemia. In conclusion, we demonstrated that GB and FGB supplementation protected from HF-induced metabolic complications primarily by improving hepatic function and corresponding lipid metabolism via their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study confirming metabolic benefits of GB in a fermented form. Thus, these findings support the potential application of both GB and FGB to ameliorate obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities.

Highlights

Obesity is primarily characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation and a low-level systemic inflammation [1]
Previous studies have reported that high fat (HF)-induced hepatic dysfunction demonstrated by the elevated level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate transaminase (AST) enzyme activities in circulation was associated with the upregulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis transcription factors, resulting in hepatic fat accumulation and dyslipidemia [5, 6]
As a marker of lipogenesis, the gene expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. In this present study, we investigated the beneficial effects of goji berry (GB) supplementation on obesity and related metabolic disorders in HF diet-fed rats

Summary

Introduction

Obesity is primarily characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation and a low-level systemic inflammation [1]. An increase in visceral adiposity serves as a strong predictor of local and systemic inflammation with its association with macrophage infiltration and subsequent secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [2]. The inflammatory cascade can facilitate the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species and the subsequent generation of oxidative stress, which inhibits the expression of antioxidant enzymes and impairs the antioxidant defense system [3]. Previous studies have reported that HF-induced hepatic dysfunction demonstrated by the elevated level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate transaminase (AST) enzyme activities in circulation was associated with the upregulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis transcription factors, resulting in hepatic fat accumulation and dyslipidemia [5, 6]

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