Supplementary Methods; Figures S1 - S22; Tables S2, S6, S9 - S12 from CD38-Mediated Immunosuppression as a Mechanism of Tumor Cell Escape from PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade

Abstract

<p>Supplementary title page. Figure S1: CD38 on anti-PD-L1 resistant tumor cells is up-regulated, which is associated with tumor progression. Figure S2: anti-PD-L1 resistant tumors demonstrate the distinct mRNA and protein profiling for immune signature, reflecting the upregulation of CD38. Figure S3: PD-1/PD-L1 blockade results in CD38 up-regulation and acquired resistance in KP-derived lung and melanoma transplantation tumors. Figure S4: Tumor-associated PD-L1 promotes tumor growth but PD-L1 knockout cancer cells still form tumors. Figure S5: PD-L1 knockout effect on tumor growth is CD8 T cell-dependent. Figure S6: CD38 up-regulation after anti-PD-L1 treatment is associated with all-trans retinoic acid signaling. Figure S7: IFN-b, which is enriched in anti-PD-L1 treated tumors, up-regulates CD38 expression on multiple cancer cell lines. Figure S8: IRF1, which links ATRA and IFN-b, is upregulated after anti-PD-L1 treatment. Figure S9: IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-2, and IL-1b don''t regulate CD38 expression on lung cancer cells. Figure S10: The anti-PD-L1 resistant tumors demonstrate an immune suppressive microenvironment. Figure S11: CD38 substantially changes in vivo tumor formation of PD-L1KO cancer cells, but does not change in vitro cell growth rate and cell cycle. Figure S12: The elimination of PD-L1KOCD38negative cancer cells is CD8+ T cell dependent. Figure S13: CD38 on tumor cells inhibits CD8+ T cell function and protects tumor cells from CD8+ T cell killing. Figure S14: CD38-mediated CD8+TIL dysfunction is not affected by tumor growth rate/tumor size. Figure S15: CD38 expression in cancer cell lines and patient tissues, which is associated with the differentiated immune features. Figure S16: CD38 or PD-L1 expression is not correlated with overall survival in early-stage lung cancer. Figure S17: Pre-treatment levels of CD38 and PD-L1 expression in NSCLC patients who received anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, as divided by clinical outcome. Figure S18: The effect of cancer immunotherapy by anti-CD38 is CD8 T cell dependent. Figure S19: Combined inhibitors of CD38 and PD-L1 inhibits tumor growth and metastases. Figure S20: The co-inhibition of PD-L1 and CD38 leads to a favorable antitumor immune microenvironment. Figure S21: Sequential treatment of anti-PD-L1 and anti-CD38 results in enhanced immune response in tumor microenvironment. Figure S22: anti-mouse CD38 antibody (NIMR-5) does not directly kill tumor cells through ADCC and CDC, but causes CD38 internalization. Table S2: Tumor immune markers with the greatest differential transcriptional levels after anti-PD-L1 treatment. Table S6: The most changed immune-related genes after anti-PD-L1 treatment. Table S9:The correlation between CD38 and suppressive immune markers in LUAD dataset. Table S10: The correlation between CD38 and suppressive immune markers in LUSC dataset. Table S11: The available NSCLC patients with CD38 and PD-L1 tumor cell IHC staining and responses to anti-PD-1 therapy. Table S12: The co-inhibition effect of PD-L1 and CD38 on tumor growth and metastasis. Supplementary Material and Methods: Reagents, Cells and Mice, CRISPR/Cas9 Editing, Antibody-mediated Cell Depletion, CD8+ T Cell Adoptive Transfer, mRNA Profiling of Murine Tumors, Flow Cytometry, Nanostring Analysis, qRT-PCR and Western Blotting, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) Analysis, Histologic Analysis, ELISA and RPPA, ADCC/CDC and Internalization Assays, Human Samples, Statistics. Supplementary references</p>