Abstract

Although the condition-dependence and signaling function of ornamental plumage coloration among adult males is well studied, less research has focused on the information content of ornamental coloration among juvenile birds. Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) nestlings grow their nuptial plumage while in the nest and dependent on parents for food, making them an ideal species for studying the development and function of elaborate plumage. Previous research suggests that plumage brightness of Eastern Bluebirds functions, in the juvenile stage, in parent–offspring interactions as a sexually selected trait in adults. Using an experimental approach, we tested the effects of supplemental food on the structural plumage coloration (i.e., tips of primary feathers) of Eastern Bluebird nestlings in Watauga County, North Carolina, during the 2011 breeding season. We provided supplemental mealworms daily to breeding pairs from the onset of incubation through the nestling period, and measured plumage brightness, UV chroma, and mass of nestlings (N = 89 males and 71 females). Male nestlings of supplementally fed parents exhibited brighter plumage. The mass and UV chroma of young bluebirds were not significantly affected by food supplementation. However, the relationship between mass and brightness differed between male nestlings in the control and supplementally fed treatments. Males reared in food-supplemented territories exhibited a positive relationship between color and mass. Nestlings in control territories, however, exhibited a negative relationship between size and brightness, suggesting that reduced food availability results in a tradeoff between allocating resources toward somatic growth and development of bright plumage. Our results suggest that UV-blue structural plumage in male juvenile Eastern Bluebirds is at least partially condition-dependent and may help to explain why plumage color can influence social interactions in Eastern Bluebirds. RESUMEN El alimento suplementario aumenta la ornamentacion de los pichones macho del Azulejo Graganta Canela A pesar de que la funcion condicion-dependiente y de senalizacion del plumaje ornamental entre machos adultos esta bien estudiado, pocos estudios se han focalizado en el contenido de informacion de la coloracion entre las aves juveniles. Los juveniles de Azulejo Garganta Canela (Sialis sialis) obtienen su plumaje nupcial mientras aun estan en el nido y dependen de sus padres para alimentarse, haciendolos especies ideales para el estudio del desarrollo y la funcion del plumaje elaborado. Estudios anteriores sugieren que el brillo del plumaje del Azulejo Garganta Canela funciona, en el estadio juvenil, en las interacciones paterno-filiales como un caracter sexualmente seleccionado en adultos. Utilizando esta aproximacion, pusimos a prueba el efecto del suplemento alimentario en la coloracion estructural (i.e., puntas de las plumas primarias) de juveniles del Azulejo Garganta Canela en el condado de Watauga, Carolina del Norte, durante la temporada reproductiva de 2011. Proveimos diariamente de un suplemento de gusanos a parejas reproductivas desde el inicio de la incubacion, y medimos el brillo del plumaje, el UV croma, y la masa de los juveniles (N = 89 machos y 71 hembras). Los juveniles de padres que habian sido suplementados exhibieron un plumaje mas brillante. La masa y el UV croma de los juveniles de azulejo no fue significativamente afectada por la suplementacion alimentaria. Aun asi, la relacion entre la masa y el brillo difirio entre juveniles de los tratamientos control y alimentados suplementariamente. Los machos criados en territorios con alimento suplementario exhibieron una relacion positiva entre el color y la masa. Los juveniles en los territorios control, sin embargo, exhibieron una relacion negativa entre el tamano y el brillo, sugiriendo que la reduccion en la disponibilidad de alimento resulta en un intercambio entre la alocacion de recursos hacia el crecimiento somatico y el desarrollo del plumaje brillante. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el plumaje estructural UV-azul en los machos juveniles del Azulejo Garganta Canela esta al menos parcialmente condicionado y puede ayudar a explicar por que el color del plumaje puede influenciar las interacciones sociales en el Azulejo Garganta Canela.

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