Superstatistical analysis of sea surface currents in the Gulf of Trieste, measured by HF Radar, and its relation to wind regimes

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In this study, two years (2021-2022) of High Frequency Radar (HFR) sea surface current data (30 min time resolution) and modelled near-bottom wind data (1 h time resolution) in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea) are analysed through a superstatistical (a superposition of different statistics) approach. Three distinct main wind forcing regimes are present in the Gulf of Trieste: Bora, Sirocco and low wind. Bora and Sirocco are strong winds whose characteristics are different: the Bora is a cold wind that blows in gusts from the East-North-East with a short fetch, the Sirocco is a warm wind that blows from the South with a fetch along the entire Adriatic. The currents in the Gulf of Trieste are forced and highly dependent on such variable wind conditions. It results in a succession of different sea current dynamics on different time scales, asking for a superstatistical analysis of the sea surface current data. From the oceanic signal it is possible to extract two different time scales: a relaxation time τ, the time the system spends to reach the local equilibrium and a larger timescale T, the time for which the signal is locally gaussian. This permits extracting a slowly varying β(t) strictly connected to the original time series’ local variance σ2=β-1. Neither β nor σ2 show well known PDFs and have algebraic tails. Contrary to what one might expect, they show a universal behaviour with respect to the different wind regimes blowing over the Gulf of Trieste.