Abstract
We investigate the novel density distributions acquired by a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensed gas confined in a box potential, with special focus on the effects of supersolidity. Different from the case of harmonic trapping, the ground-state density reveals a strong depletion in the bulk region and an accumulation of atoms near the walls, well separated from the bulk, as a consequence of the competition between the attractive and the repulsive nature of the dipolar force. In a quasi-two-dimensional geometry characterized by cylindrical box trapping, we observe the emergence of a ringlike configuration near the boundary of the box, revealing peculiar supersolid and crystal effects in a useful range of parameters. In the case of square box trapping, the density oscillations along the edges, caused by the enhanced accumulation of atoms near the vertices, exhibit interesting analogies with the case of box-trapped quasi-one-dimensional configurations. For sufficiently large values of the atom number, the bulk region can also exhibit supersolidity, the resulting geometry reflecting the symmetry of the confining potential even for large systems.
Highlights
Bose-Einstein-condensed atomic gases have proved to be an invaluable tool for the study of the physics of manybody systems
While typical many-body problems consider translationally invariant systems in the thermodynamic limit, Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are ordinarily realized in small, inhomogeneous samples confined by harmonic potentials [1]
The achievement of BECs of magnetic atoms in harmonic traps [18,19,20,21] opened the way to the study of the very peculiar physics of dipolar BECs, which includes a geometry dependence of phase diagram stability [22], a rotonized excitation spectrum [23,24,25,26], quantum droplets [27,28,29,30], and, more recently, supersolidity [31,32,33,34,35,36]
Summary
Bose-Einstein-condensed atomic gases have proved to be an invaluable tool for the study of the physics of manybody systems. Harmonic trapping allows the study of relevant properties of these many-body systems (e.g., collective excitations [2,3], superfluid properties [4,5,6], and quantized vortices [7,8,9]), other important properties, like sound propagation or critical behaviors, can be better studied in uniform systems For these reasons, Bose-Einstein condensation in “box” potentials has been an emerging topic of research in recent years, leading to the realization of uniform BECs in gases of alkali atoms and first important measurements in both three-dimensional and two-dimensional configurations [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17].
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