Superróżnorodność w warunkach kryzysu i transformacji społecznej: od przedsiębiorczości migrantów do superróżnorodnej przedsiębiorczości

Abstract

Intensive mobility of the recent decades has brought a new level of social diversity, defined as superdiversity (Vertovec 2007). The article analyzes the existing theoretical approaches to this phenomenon, and debates the usefulness of the concept in research about migrant and minority entrepreneurship. The context of pandemic and migration brings new challenges for entrepreneurship, as well as for migrations and superdiversity. Examining the significance of superdiversity and entrepreneurship in the times of pandemic and crisis, the article refers to three interrelated questions: (1) how the notion of migrant is socially constructed; (2) how the global migration regimes and multicultural states are connected to the contemporary capitalism; (3) how entrepreneurship can evolve and shape the new economic models. The social change connected with the growing diversifi cation of businesses and self-employment amongst minorities should be reflected in modified academic notions, and the adequate notion appears to be superdiverse entrepreneurship. It does justice to the growing diversification of societies (including their cultural and ethnical differentiation), and at the same time it does not treat the migrant status as the most significant dimension of diversification. Moreover, the article argues that a response to crisis can be either deepening the precarity, or ethical innovations. Ingenuity, resilience, and resourcefulness associated with entrepreneurs and also migrants are the traits which become increasingly signifi cant during economic deadlocks and other problems. As a rule, crises highlight the necessity to verify the existing economic models. In order to transform them, one needs creativity and innovation, which are often perceived as the very core of entrepreneurship.