Superposition and Polarization Effects on the Electron Density of Lone Pairs

Abstract

Abstract There appears to be conflicting experimental evidence on the redistribution of the electron density in the lone-pair and other regions of a molecule due to the interaction with its nearest neighbours. In some experimental as well as theoretical deformation density maps a decrease in the lone-pair density has been reported, whereas in other cases an increase has been found. It appears that two major, counteracting factors are responsible for these differences (apart from experimental errors in the diffraction studies and limited accuracy in the theoretical calculations): an increase in the lone-pair density is expected due to the polarizing influence of the neighbours, whereas simple superposition of the isolated monomer deformation densities will lead to an apparent decrease due to the overlap with the negative contours of the neighbouring atom. Depending on which of these factors is the dominant one, an increase or decrease may thus be observed. These points are illustrated by recent results on nickel sulfate hexahydrate and some other hydrogen-bonded compounds. The electron density based on the fitted deformation functions of all atoms in the structure is compared with the individual densities calculated from deformation functions of the separate monomers. In this way the effects of simple superposition of the individual densities have been studied, and a partitioning of the electrostatic and polarization contributions to the hydrogen bonds and other relatively weak bonds to the oxygen lone-pairs attempted.