Abstract
The phenomenon of zero resistance below certain low temperature (critical temperature) leads to limitless current which implies that no dissipation in electrical energy for this occurrence. This property is immediately followed by expulsion of magnetic field from the interior of a material if this material is placed in external magnetic while it is below this low temperature. Materials that have these unique properties when they are below their critical temperature are superconductor materials which were discovered in 1911 by famous Dutch physicist H. K. Onnes. In addition to the above mentioned properties, superconductors have many exceptional positive properties and thus have excellent potentials for applications in every sector. The main problem of these materials is their low temperature which needs refrigerator for their applications elsewhere which is too costly compared to conventional conductors. Even though having room temperature superconductors is still a dream, if it is achieved we can extract energy from these materials with very low cost. In this review history of superconductors, their type and some of their applications have been considered. Keywords: Critical temperature; Superconductors; Zero resistance; Meissner effect; Limitless current DOI : 10.7176/APTA/77-02 Publication date :May 31 st 2019
Highlights
Superconductors are the materials that have zero resistance at certain very low temperatures called critical temperatures, accompanied by a total expulsion of magnetic field from within[1]
The value of the critical temperature at which materials have zero electrical resistance varies from one material to another material and it is achieved by cooling the materials with either liquid helium or liquid nitrogen [3][4]
The important step in understanding superconductivity occurred in 1933 by Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld when superconductors cooled below their critical temperatures, were placed in an external magnetic field, the magnetic flux were completely expelled from their interior, a phenomenon which is known as the Meissner effect
Summary
Superconductors are the materials that have zero resistance at certain very low temperatures called critical (transition) temperatures, accompanied by a total expulsion of magnetic field from within (the Meissner effect)[1]. As the temperature of a certain metallic conductors decreases their electrical resistivity decreases gradually and eventually drops suddenly to zero value at some critical (transition) temperature , a phenomenon called superconductivity which was discovered in 1911 by the great Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes [2]. The important step in understanding superconductivity occurred in 1933 by Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld when superconductors cooled below their critical temperatures, were placed in an external magnetic field, the magnetic flux were completely expelled from their interior, a phenomenon which is known as the Meissner effect This technology has been practically used as mag-lev technology (magnetic levitation) that can power high speed trains, which was tested by Japan in 1999 for trains to have a high speed of 343 miles/hours. YBCO they obtained the critical temperature for this compound as high as 92K.This critical temperature hits a record value of 138 K by 1995 for the compound HgBaCaCuO[20][21][22]
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