Abstract
BackgroundThe main objectives of this study were to find the possible structural association between the activity of enzymatic antioxidants and the grain yield of triticale plants as well as identifying the genotypic variability which might be effective on this association. Accordingly, expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isozymes (Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, and Fe-SOD) were appraised to distinguish any possible relationship between SOD expression and drought resistance of triticale. A novel analytical method for distinguishing elite genotypes based on measured features was proposed. Additionally, a new programing based on SAS-language (IML) was introduced to estimate the genetic parameters rooted from combined ANOVA model (linear mixed model), which is capable of being used in any field study other than the current one.MethodsThirty genotypes of triticale were studied under normal and drought stress conditions during 6 years (three different locations). Accordingly, based on the results of genetic variability, heatmap analysis, biplot graph, and clustering technique, two genotypes with the highest genetic distance were selected to appraise the differential expression profiling of three SOD isozyme in shoot and root organs.ResultsField experiments and bioinformatics results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) was the most influential antioxidant in resistance of triticale to drought stress; therefore, it could be used as an indirect selection index in early stages to distinguish resistant genotypes to drought stress. Additionally, Mn-SOD and Fe-SOD showed roughly similar expression levels for both genotypes under drought stress. However, Cu/Zn-SOD expression level was higher in root and shoot of the tolerant genotype than the susceptible genotype.ConclusionHeatmap analysis that is applied for the first time to screen suitable genotypes, showed to be highly capable of distinguishing elite genotypes and pointing out the proper features for selection criteria. Bioinformatics results indicated that SOD is more important than other enzymatic antioxidant for being considered as selection criteria or candidate gene for transgenic purposes. Based on expressional results, Mn-SOD announced as a general isozyme that is probably highly expressed in most of the species, while, Cu/Zn-SOD was introduced as a genotype specific isozyme that is likely more expressed in tolerant genotypes
Highlights
The main objectives of this study were to find the possible structural association between the activity of enzymatic antioxidants and the grain yield of triticale plants as well as identifying the genotypic variability which might be effective on this association
Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) announced as a general isozyme that is probably highly expressed in most of the species, while, Cu/Zn-SOD was introduced as a genotype specific isozyme that is likely more expressed in tolerant genotypes
The effect of year was statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all measured features in triticale plants consisting of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), MDH, chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, proline, POD, CAT, ascorbic peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), SOD, and grain yield which indicates the overall difference between years and locations regarding these features
Summary
The main objectives of this study were to find the possible structural association between the activity of enzymatic antioxidants and the grain yield of triticale plants as well as identifying the genotypic variability which might be effective on this association. Over 100 years ago scientists had been able to made and release a new plant species by crossing between wheat (Triticum sp.) and rye (Secale cereale) plants [10]. The intention was to increase the capability of wheat, as one of the most significant sources of food amongst cereals in the world, to resist the harsh environmental conditions such as drought stress. Different crossing between rye and wheat with altered polyploidy levels resulted in different types of plants with different properties inherited from different genome sets [53]. Final release of triticale inherited favorable features and properties from both of its progenitors such as higher resistance to drought stress and higher plant production in comparison to wheat plants [37]
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