Superior Sagittal Vein Thrombosis in the Setting of Thyroid Storm

Abstract

A 25-year-old female with a two-month history of left lower quadrant pain, found to have an ovarian cyst and recently started on OCPs, presented to an outside medical center after a witnessed seizure with fever, tachycardia, and altered mental status. Her husband reported that she had been lethargic, complained of headaches, and had brief intermittent episodes of staring into space or stopping mid-task four days prior to the current event.On physical exam, she was hypertensive to 170/90s, tachycardic to 120s, febrile to 101, with hyperreflexia and altered mental status without focal deficits. Burch Wartofsky scale was calculated to be 50, suggestive of thyroid storm. Initial labs showed a suppressed TSH (<0.01 uIU/mL) and an elevated free T4 (7.27 ng/dL). Blood cultures and a lumbar puncture demonstrated no evidence of infection. A non-contrast brain CT showed no acute intracranial findings. She was started on propylthiouracil (PTU), propranolol, hydrocortisone, and Lugol’s solution. Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody and Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin levels were elevated, confirming the diagnosis of Grave’s disease.After the initial management, her vital signs normalized and free T4 decreased to 4.2 (ng/dL), but she had no mental status improvement. Although she had no further seizure activity, she continued to have waxing and waning levels of consciousness. She then developed left sided focal deficits and was transferred to our hospital for the management of a possible cerebrovascular event. MRI and MRV of the brain were performed and demonstrated a thrombus within the superior sagittal sinus. She was started on heparin and bridged on warfarin prior to discharge. Her anti-thyroid regimen was down titrated, steroids tapered and discontinued, PTU changed to methimazole, and propranolol changed to metoprolol. Her mental status and focal deficits improved prior to discharge.Patients who present with hyperthyroidism and new-onset neurological symptoms, especially in the setting of OCP use or other risk factors for a hypercoagulable state, should be evaluated for possible cerebral venous thrombosis. The association between overt hyperthyroidism and acute venous thrombosis, especially at cerebral sites, has been documented in numerous case reports.