Abstract
Enhanced resistivity and full wide ranging-saturated ferromagnetic loop with high saturation magnetization were originated in light Gd-modified BiFeO3. In this study, high purity BiFeO3, Bi0.98La0.02FeO3, Bi0.98Pr0.02FeO3 and Bi0.98Gd0.02FeO3 compositions have been synthesized via facile glycine-autocombustion technique. Crystalline rhombohedral lattice corresponding to BiFeO3 single phase was formed in all samples. Reengineering of band gap structure and lattice dimensions alongside the XRD peaks shifts verified the replacement of La3+, Pr3+/4+ and Gd3+ ions for Bi3+-sites into BiFeO3. The SEM micrographs of Bi0.98La0.02FeO3 demonstrated the formation of network of porous structure with a root like-shape while particles with chip-wavy shape were seen for Bi0.98Pr0.02FeO3. The micrograph of Bi0.98Gd0.02FeO3 sample displays highly porous arrangements with a spongy shape. The BET surface area, pore volume and pore size of pure BiFeO3 were determined to be 3.1478 m2/g, 0.1260 cm3/g and 9.6 nm, respectively. The measurements display that the surface area and pore volume of BiFeO3 were increased due to Gd doping to reach to 7.3044 m2/g and 0.8561 cm3/g, respectively. Optically, La, Pr and Gd doping engineered the energy gap width of BiFeO3 (2.09 eV), resulting in band gap of 2.16, 2.14, and 2.1 eV, respectively. Based on band gap, high refractive index (n) values greater than 2.5 were detected for all samples which are applicable values for many optical applications. La, Pr and Gd ions have a positive effect on reducing the energy dissipation-dielectric loss factor and also enhancing the resistivity of BiFeO3. The M−H loops indicated that the magnetic property of 2 wt% Gd-modified BiFeO3 was highly enhanced in comparison to that of BiFeO3. Bi0.98Gd0.02FeO3 composition displayed superior values of saturation magnetization of 2.064 emu/g, remanent magnetization (Mr) of 0.246 emu/g and coercivity (Hc) of 125.8 Oe.
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