Superior carbon black: High-performance anode and conducting additive for rechargeable Li- and Na-ion batteries

Abstract

• A superior carbon black as conducting additive and LIB and NIB anodes is developed. • The superior carbon black is synthesized by amorphization and pre-lithiation/sodiation. • Electrochemical mechanism of the superior carbon black is elucidated using various analytical techniques. • The superior carbon black compensates ICE and increases the reversible capacity of anode materials. Carbon black (CB) is an inexpensive and widely used carbonaceous material. However, the reversibility between CB and Li or Na is very poor, and the initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) is so low that it cannot be used as an electrode material for rechargeable batteries. In this study, we successfully designed superior CB as a high-performance conducting additive for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (NIBs) using a simple two-step strategy: amorphization and pre-lithiation/sodiation. The Li- and Na-reversible capacities of amorphized CB increased significantly from 213 to 564 mAh g −1 for LIB and from 92 to 209 mAh g −1 for NIB; however, the corresponding ICEs of 61.5% for LIB and 33.5% for NIB are poor. The poor ICEs are supplemented via pre-lithiation/sodiation in the amorphized CB, which show over 100% ICEs with high Li- and Na-reversible capacities. Specifically, the modified CB has highly reversible capacities (>500 mAh g −1 for LIB, >300 mAh g −1 for NIB) with exceptionally high ICEs (133% ICE for LIB, 160% ICE for NIB), stable reversible capacities for over 100 cycles (470 mAh g −1 for LIB, 278 mAh g −1 for NIB), fast rate capabilities with highly reversible capacities at a 3C rate (~330 mAh g −1 for LIB, ~190 mAh g −1 for NIB), and excellent cycling behavior for over 300 cycles at a 1C rate. When used as a conducting additive, this CB contributes to high electrical conductivity and increase of ICE and the reversible capacity for LIB and NIB anode materials. These results are expected to have a significant impact on LIBs and NIBs.