Superconducting Magnets for High-Energy Physics

Abstract

Superconducting magnets have established themselves as useful tools in solid-state physics, magneto-optical experiments, NMR, MHD, plasma, and other areas of physics. In high-energy physics only the bubble-chamber physicist has shown ample interest in using superconducting magnets. Reasons why there is a reluctance against large superconducting magnets in combination with high-energy physics experiments and accelerators are discussed. However, in various areas of high-energy physics superconducting magnets may be utilized, such as accelerator, beam-transport, and experimental magnets. This paper summarizes physical properties of superconducting systems for experimental and beam transport magnets in quantitative form. Charging time, field uniformity, resolution, acceptance, solid angle, improvement in optical measurements accuracy, and first- and second-order optics for superconducting magnets, with and without ferromagnetic return paths, will be compared to room and cryogenic magnets. Summary of experiences with superconducting magnets (energies > 106 J) will be given, as well as irradiation properties of superconducting type II materials and systems. Expected irradiation doses in accelerators and their effect on superconducting systems will be discussed. Lifetime expectancy, economy of operation, and effect of power failures are treated. A short section is devoted to possible design of superconducting magnets with and without ferromagnetic return paths.