Abstract
The number of UV-induced (20 mJ cm −2) reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in nucleated epidermis is dependent upon the length of time the UV filter octocrylene, octylmethoxycinnamate, or benzophenone-3 remains on the skin surface. Two-photon fluorescence images acquired immediately after application of each formulation (2 mg cm −2) to the skin surface show that the number of ROS produced is dramatically reduced relative to the skin − UV filter control. After each UV filter remains on the skin surface for t = 20 min, the number of ROS generated increases, although it remains below the number generated in the control. By t = 60 min, the filters generate ROS above the control. The data show that when all three of the UV filters penetrate into the nucleated layers, the level of ROS increases above that produced naturally by epidermal chromophores under UV illumination.
Highlights
Sunscreens containing UV filters are recommended as part of safe-sun practices to reduce the effects of carcinogenic and photodamaging solar UV radiation
For photochemical reactions to be of concern, UV filters must penetrate through the stratum corneum, and recently reports have appeared that show such penetration can occur
Fig. 4. %reactive oxygen species (ROS) values of the UV filters based upon the mean intensity values in Table 1 (Eq (1)). 100% ROS is equivalent to the number of ROS generated by naturally occurring chromophores in the nucleated keratinocytes for skin absent any UV filter after irradiation by 20 mJ cm−2. %ROS values below 100%
Summary
Sunscreens containing UV filters are recommended as part of safe-sun practices to reduce the effects of carcinogenic and photodamaging solar UV radiation. The amounts of B3, OMC, and octylsalicylate recovered from tape-stripped stratum corneum suggest that these UV filters penetrate into the epidermis [16,18] These aforementioned studies have fueled concern that sunscreen molecules in the skin are at the very least incomplete photoprotectors against ROS and may even photogenerate highly destructive ROS. We use the fluorescent ROS indicator dihydrorhodamine (DHR) to study ROS levels in the nucleated epidermis after application of the UV filter B3, OC, or OMC. The goal of these experiments is to identify if, and under what conditions, UV filters produce highly reactive oxygen species in the skin
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