Sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin and organic dyes by biosynthesized rGO–ZrO2 nanocomposites

Abstract

Aquatic ecology has been greatly threatened by the discharge of effluents of textile and antibiotic industries into natural waters. Herein, an efficient and easily recycled reduced graphene oxide/zirconium oxide nanocomposite has been synthesized using banana peel extract (abbreviated as rGO-ZrO2 in this work). The X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to analyze the synthesized material. The as-prepared rGO-ZrO2 nanocomposite was employed as a photocatalyst for the decomposition of rhodamine blue (RhB) and crystal violet (CV) dyes, and ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic by illumination with direct sunlight. The RhB and CV were degraded to maximum extent of around 86 and 90%, respectively, over the rGO-ZrO2 nanocomposite after exposure to direct sunlight for 120min. On the other hand, the degradation of CIP was approximately 93.1% over the rGO-ZrO2 nanocomposite in 240min under same experimental conditions. Further studies were performed regarding the role of parameters like pH, catalyst dose, and scavengers, in order to understand the superiority of rGO-ZrO2 nanocomposite in degrading organic pollutants. Moreover, the intermediate products and plausible CIP degradation mechanisms were examined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Moreover, the catalyst was easily separated from the solution and demonstrated good stability and reusability. The RhB, CV, and CIP removal efficiency were 80%, 83%, and 88%, respectively, after five cycles.