Abstract
We conducted an observational study to assess the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in 12–24 months old children living in urban and rural Bangladesh. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (free 25(OH)D) level, socio-demographic status, anthropometric status, dietary intake, exposure to sunlight and single nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin-D pathway genes were measured in 208 children. Vitamin D deficiency (free 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/l) was reported in 47% of the children. Multivariable logistic regression model identified duration to sunlight exposure (regression coefficient, β = − 0.01; 95% CI 0.00, − 0.02; p-value < 0.05), UV index (β = − 0.36; 95% CI 0.00, − 0.02; p-value < 0.05) and breast-feeding (β = − 1.15; 95% CI − 0.43, − 1.86; p-value < 0.05) to be negatively associated with vitamin D deficiency. We measured the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in pathway genes (GC-rs7041 T > G, rs4588 C > A, CYP2R1-rs206793 A > G, CYP27B1-rs10877012 A > C and DHCR7-rs12785878 G > T) and found statistically significant differences in serum vitamin D levels between various genotypes. SNPs for CYP27B1 (CA & CC genotype) had statistically significant positive association (β = 1.61; 95% CI 2.79, 0.42; p-value < 0.05) and TT genotype of GC-rs7041 had negative association (β = − 1.33; 95% CI − 0.02, − 2.64; p-value < 0.05) with vitamin-D deficiency in the surveyed children.
Highlights
Vitamin D plays crucial roles in protecting human body from infection, inflammation and neoplastic d iseases[1]
To fill this gap we did an observational study to measure the association of sunlight exposure, dietary intake and expression of vitamin D pathway genes in serum vitamin D deficiency of urban and rural children living in Bangladesh
The trend was similar for the nutritional status indicators too and we observed no statistically significant differences in anthropometric characteristics of the surveyed children based on their vitamin D deficiency status
Summary
Vitamin D plays crucial roles in protecting human body from infection, inflammation and neoplastic d iseases[1]. Vitamin D is either transported to the target cells by vitamin D binding protein ( known as VDBP/GC) for exerting the desired biological action or is metabolically inactivated by the 24-hydroxylase enzyme (encoded by the CYP24A1 gene)[14–17]. VDBP is the major transport protein of 25(OH)D3 in the circulation It regulates the delivery of vitamin D to target cells and plays an essential role in maintaining the availability of the m icronutrient[18,19]. There is a paucity of data regarding the proportionate contribution of sunlight exposure and dietary intake on vitamin D deficiency among Bangladeshi children. To fill this gap we did an observational study to measure the association of sunlight exposure, dietary intake and expression of vitamin D pathway genes in serum vitamin D deficiency of urban and rural children living in Bangladesh
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