Abstract
Sun glint, the specular reflection of light from water surfaces, is a serious confounding factor for remote sensing of water column properties and benthos. This paper reviews current techniques to estimate and remove the glint radiance component from imagery. Methods for processing of ocean color images use statistical sea surface models to predict the glint from the sun and sensor positions and wind data. Methods for higher resolution imaging, used in coastal and shallow water mapping, estimate the glint radiance from the near-infrared signal. The effects of some current methods are demonstrated and possibilities for future techniques are briefly addressed.
Highlights
Remote sensing of oceans and coastal zones is a key technology for monitoring environmental change, facilitating conservation of natural resources and understanding global carbon budgets and climate change impacts
While this review has focused on the problems of sun glint at visible wavelengths, glint can be a problem for remote sensing methods using infrared and microwave wavelengths
Two categories of method for correcting sun glint in optical images of the sea have been reviewed, those using predictions of reflection based on a model of the sea surface and those that use in-scene information with the assumption of no NIR water-leaving radiance
Summary
Remote sensing of oceans and coastal zones is a key technology for monitoring environmental change, facilitating conservation of natural resources and understanding global carbon budgets and climate change impacts. These use data from the near-infrared (NIR) to give an indication of the amount of glint in the received signal This is based on the assumption that the water-leaving radiance in this part of the spectrum is negligible and so any NIR signal remaining after atmospheric correction must be due to sun glint. These methods can improve data retrieval for bathymetry or habitat classification, but the assumption of no waterleaving radiance in the NIR is not valid for very shallow or turbid water or where vegetation reaches the surface This paper reviews both approaches to sun glint correction techniques. 36; 8 bands in the visible and NIR are used for ocean colour, other bands extend up to 14 μm IKONOS multispectral imager [15]
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