Abstract
Today renal anemia is treated by recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) with longer half-life. Erythropoietin production in the kidney is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which are degraded by HIF prolyl hydroxylase (PHD). PHD inhibitors were shown to improve renal anemia effectively as well. On the other hand, PHD inhibitors can be potential doping-agents for similarly promoting erythropoiesis in healthy individuals as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has listed them in prohibited substances since 2011.
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