Sulphidation of cobalt at high temperatures

Abstract

The kinetics and mechanism of cobalt sulphidation have been studied as a function of temperature (773–1023 K) and sulphur partial pressure (1–104 Pa) by means of thermogravimetric, SEM and X-ray techniques, and also using inert-marker and ratio-tracer methods. It has been shown that the sulphidation process is diffusion controlled, the rate-determining step being the outward volume diffusion of cations. According to the phase diagram of the Co–S system, the sulphide scale on cobalt is heterogeneous. At sulphur pressures higher than the dissociation pressure of the CoS2 phase, the sulphidation rate is pressure independent, and at lower pressures it increases with rising pressure, in agreement with theoretical predictions. The apparent activation energy of sulphidation is considerably higher for multilayer than for double-layer scale formation, because the main part of multilayer scale is growing at the dissociation pressure of the CoS2 phase, which increases with increasing temperature. Over the whole temperature and pressure range studied, the rate of cobalt sulphidation is more than three orders of magnitude higher than the oxidation rate of this metal. Rapid degradation of cobalt in a sulphur atmosphere results mainly from a very high defect concentration in Co1-yS and Co9S8 sulphides, participating in comparable amounts in the scale formation on this metal at T>900 K. The only sulphide of cobalt in which the defect concentration may be very low is CoS2, the growth rate of this sulphide layer being more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of other cobalt sulphides. © 1998 Chapman & Hall