Sulfuric acid speleogenetic by-products and secondary minerals in caves of the Mulapampa travertines (Western Cordillera, Andes, Peru)

Abstract

Sulfuric acid speleogenesis (SAS) is a general cave formation process in carbonate rocks in the presence of sulfuric acid. Such caves are mainly formed at and above the water table by abiotic or/and biotic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). One possible source of H2S may be volcanic activity. The oxidation of H2S produces sulfuric acid that immediately reacts with carbonate host rock, producing replacement gypsum and CO2. The Western Cordillera in the Peruvian Andes, characterized by volcanic and tectonic activity, features substantial travertine deposits. Among the most interesting and, at the same time, less known are the Mulapampa travertines located in the vicinity of the active Ampato-Sabancaya Volcanic Complex (ASVC). There are numerous collapse sinkholes in the travertine cover, and within three of them, caves have been found. discovered in three of them. Particularly interesting is the Gruta con lago cave, the bottom of which is located at the level of the current water table (ca. 40 m below ground level). It does not have the characteristic morphology of active SAS caves, but several speleogenetic by-products – mainly thick gypsum deposits – are typical of such features. Mineralogical studies of sediment samples from the lake at the bottom of Gruta con lago corroborated the sulfuric acid genesis of the cave. Native sulfur was detected in those samples, among others. Microscopic examination of native sulfur crystals reveals traces of substantial corrosion attributable to the activity of sulfur bacteria. In the same cave lake's bottom sediments, framboidal pyrites formed inside the biofilms (presumably of sulfate-reducing bacteria) were found. Common secondary minerals in SAS caves, such as barite or celestine, are present on the cave bottom and walls. This research was funded by the National Science Centre (Poland), grant No 2020/39/B/ST10/00042, and the Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Poland.