Sulfur speciation by capillary electrophoresis with indirect spectrophotometric detection: In search of a suitable carrier electrolyte to maximize sensitivity

Abstract

Various probes have been evaluated as alternative ions to chromate, which is most frequently used in the analysis of small inorganic anions by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. Sulfur species (S 2O 3 2−, SO 4 2−, S 4O 6 2−, S(−II)) have been determined. The optimization of the method was particularly focused on S(−II) since this species rapidly yields S 2O 3 2− and SO 4 2− in the presence of oxidizing agents. Therefore, it could not be analysed by capillary electrophoresis with chromate as the background electrolyte. The alternative probe ions all contain aromatic rings (benzene or naphthalene) to provide the intrinsic background absorbance for indirect detection. They are all fully ionized at the pH chosen for this application (TRIS buffer, pH=8) and the range of their mobilities is large enough to suit the analytes mobilities. They have no oxidizing properties. Transfer ratios have been determined experimentally and compared to calculated values derived from the Kohlrausch regulation function. All experimental values were lower than expected from the calculations, which proves the limitations of the Kohlrausch theory concerning the configuration (electrolyte/analyte) of this study. However, maximizing ( z A/ z E)·ε E (with z A and z E being the charges of the analyte and the probe, respectively, and ε E the molar absorptivity of the probe) and keeping the mobility of the probe close to those of the analytes will give a good hint for the choice of the most suitable UV-absorbing probe. Pyromellitate and naphthalenetrisulfonate, the mobilities of which are close to that of S(−II), give the best sensitivity for this species, with good resolution and sensitivity for all other species.